APWH Unit 1

During this Chinese dynasty (960 - 1279 AD) China saw many important inventions. There was a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with India and Persia (brought pepper and cotton); paper money, gun powder; landscape black and white paintings. Placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military.

CE 1206-1368. An empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe.

CE 1279 - 1368. Song Dynasty conquered by Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan. First time foreign invaders conquered China. He also tried to conquer Japan and failed. Art and science flourished, trade expanded, relations established with other countries.

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.)

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius (551-479 BCE). It teaches the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct. Not a religion. Taught filial piety.

Religion created by a philosopher named Laozi. Daoism is a philosophy of living in simplicity and harmony with nature. One of the main ideas of Taoism is the belief in balancing forces, or yin and yang. These ideas represent matching pairs, such as light and dark, hot and cold, action and inaction, which work together toward a universal whole.

A system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives. If you work for a government and are not elected, you are this.

In Imperial China starting in the Han dynasty (202 BCE-220 CE), it was an exam based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in the nationwide administrative bureaucracy. Created a powerful scholar gentry class.

Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. with Siddhartha Gautama. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering. Teachings include the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eight-fold Path. Diffused into China as early as CE 200 but didn't become popular until the Tang Dynasty (618-907).

Describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the Tang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism

Having a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors. A prominent virtue taught in Confucianism (ancient China).

Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household. Began during Tang Dynasty and became more widespread in the 1100s.

Extensive adoption of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.

•Period in Japanese History (794-1185 C.E.) Local rulers on the island of Honshu recognized the emperor as Japan's supreme political authority, but, unlike China, Japanese emperors rarely ruled; they only acted as figure heads. Culture of Heian was influenced by Chinese traditions. Arts flourished. World's first novel, Tale of Genji, written during this period. Historic city of Heian is now called Kyoto, Japan.

Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.

The Feudal Japanese code of honor among the warrior class.

A general who ruled Japan in the emperor's name

A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai

610 C.E. - A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.

The Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)

Arabic for "recitation," it is the most sacred scripture of Islam. According to Muslim belief, the angel Jibril [Gabriel] visited the prophet Muhammad in 610 and revealed the work to him. Various suras discuss absolute submission to Allah [God], happiness in Heaven versus torture in Hell, and the mercy, compassion, and justice of Allah. The third caliph, Uthman (644-656), formalized the text after many of his oral reciters were killed in battle.

Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life

A caliph is a successor to the prophet Muhammad and leader.
A caliphate is the area which the caliph rules.

The second largest sect within Islam. It originated in the early centuries of Islam perhaps over a political dispute over who would be the next Caliph. This group believed that Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin Ali should be the Caliph. Over time this faction's religious interpretations and practices have also come to differ slightly from most Muslims.

The largest branch of Islam. After the death of Muhammad, Muslims who accepted Abu Bakr as the first Caliph.

small groups of nomadic people in Arabia

Ancient empire that was centered around present-day Iran. Conquered by Alexander the Great in 334 BCE. Territory continues to be known by this name long after the ancient empire.

Middle East, 1037-1194 CE. Turkic empire ruled by sultans in Persia and modern-day Iraq. Established Turks as major ethnic group carrying Islam across Eurasia, along with Arabs and Persians. Sultans held real power in the empire. Helped to spread the influence of Islam throughout the region

Sultanate of Egypt (1206 to 1290). Only Turkish dynasty to survive Mongol invasions and Black Death. Increased trade in Byzantine empire and Constantinople. Brought Turkish influence to Islam. Mamluks and Seljuks became the Ottoman Empire in 1299.

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258.

Capital of Abbasid dynasty. Famous for gardens and as a center of learning.

A Muslim-ruled region in what is now Spain, established by the Berbers in the eighth century A.D.

A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from 1299 to 1922.

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being (Brahman) who takes many forms (gods and goddesses).

1206-1555 CE. 5 Islamic dynasties that conquered and ruled northern India. Spread Islam throughout the region. Resulted in a sort of unification process between the diverse peoples of the region, but also led to a split in Indian culture, as Hindus increasingly fought against the Sultanate in the 16th century, leading to its demise.

In response to the spread of Islam into India, an immensely popular development in Hinduism, advocating intense devotion toward a particular deity (god).

A minority type of Islam responsible for the diffusion of Islam into South and Southeast Asia. An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a. Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin.

Set of kingdoms in India that arose after the fall of the Gupta dynasty. Included undreds of kingdoms ruled by land owning Kshatriyas. It was wealthy due to trade and a good economy.
Hindu beliefs were dominant and this is when the practice of sati (widow burning) began, as well as purdah (the separation of women from society).

(1336-1646 CE) This was an important early modern Indian kingdom centered in central India. Ruled majority Hindu population. Was characterized by an impressive land revenue collection system centered around the elite Nayaka warriors who helped bring vast territory under their control. They developed a highly sophisticated military based on its cavalry, and horses were an important currency of military might.

(543 BCE to 1815 CE) Monarchy that has its origins in the settlement of North Indian Indo-Aryan immigrants to the island of Sri Lanka.

A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith. Common in Buddhism and Christianity.

(802-1431 CE) The most powerful and longest-lasting kingdom on the mainland of southeast Asia, centering in what is today Cambodia. Built Angkor Wat, one of the largest architectural achievements in the world.

A temple complex built in the Khmer Empire and dedicated to the Hindu God, Vishnu.

1238-1438 CE. An early kingdom in the area around the city Sukhothai, in north central Thailand.

(1411-1500) An Islamic state founded in the important trade location of the Straits of Malacca, where a Muslim minority ruled.

•1293-1500 CE. A vast archipelagic (located on an archipelago) empire based on the island of Java; one of the last major empires of the region and is considered to be one of the greatest and most powerful empires in the history of Indonesia and Southeast Asia, one that is sometimes seen as the precedent for Indonesia's modern boundaries

(1345-1521) ruled in the Valley of Mexico - main ethnic group was the Mexica who made alliances to conquer a vast portion of central Mexico.

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest (1519-1521). Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

A floating garden on which the Aztec grew crops on Lake Texcoco.

(1438-1533 CE) A civilization in the Andes Mountains in South America that by the end of the 1400s was the largest empire in the Americas including much of what is now Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile; Conquered by Pizarro in 1530-1533.

Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control.

An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information.

828-1126 CE. An urban center established by ancient Puebloans (aka Anasazi) located in southern New Mexico. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas.

The dominant center of an important Mississippi valley mound-building culture, located near present-day St. Louis, Missouri; flourished from about 900 to 1250 C.E.

From 1235-1400, this was a strong empire of Western African. With its trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao, it had many mosques and universities. The Empire was ruled by two great rulers, Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Thy upheld a strong gold-salt trade. The fall of the empire was caused by the lack of strong rulers who could govern well.

West African people who lived in several small kingdoms of what is now northern Nigeria.

Kingdom dominating small states along the Congo River that maintained effective, centralized government and a royal currency until the seventeenth century.

City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.

A Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.

Also known as the medieval period, the time between the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century AD and the beginning of the Renaissance in the fourteenth century.

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land.

A self sufficient economic system in the Middle Ages that was built around large estates called manors. Involved a relationship between the Lord and the peasants or serfs who produced all the necessary goods to keep the manor running.

A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medeival Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century.

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians (in present day Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel) to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. Europeans gained control of Jerusalem but lost it during later crusades.

The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons.

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, an artistic and intellectual movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome.