A&P CH. 1

Anatomy

study of body structure, cells, bones, organs

Physiology

study of function, the function of a structure and how it performs it

Responsiveness

sense a change and react to it

Conductivity

send a message from one part of the body to another

Growth

ncrease in number (bones) or size (muscles) of cells

Respiration

exchange gases

Digestion

breakdown complex foods to be used as fuel

Secretion

delivery of substances in body

Excretion

removal of waste

Absorption

movement of nutrients into cells

Circulation

movement of body fluids

Reproduction

create new individuals

Cell

smallest functional unit in human, trillions of cells

Differentiated

cells become different

Specialized

carry out one function

Tissues

groups of similar cells that work together

Epithelial

cover, line and protect, skin

Connective

connects structures, ligaments, tendons, bone, blood

Muscle

moves stuff, cardiac (heart), skeletal (bones), smooth (gut)

Nervous

communicates

Organs

groups of tissues that work together

Organ Systems

groups of organs that work together

Integumentary

outer protection

Skeletal

support and movement

Muscular

support and movement

Nervous

communication

Endocorine

communication

Cardiovascular

transportation

Lymphatic

transportation

Respiratory

regulation and maintenance

Digestive

regulation and maintenance

Urinary

regulation and maintenance

Reproductive

reproduction

Organism

groups of organ systems that work together

Complimentarity of Structure and Function

he size, shape and placement of a structure is related to what it does

Elbow

primary function is to bring food to mouth

Heart

pumps blood, 4 hollow chambers surrounded by muscle that when muscles contract pump blood

Trapezius Muscle

muscle that lifts the shoulder

Homeostasis

the body has the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment as outside conditions change

Conditions

temp, body fluid, blood sugar, gas concentration

Walter Cannon

homeostasis is not rigid, conditions may vary but body can keep it relatively constant

Set Point Range

normal range for body conditions

Body Temp

set point is 98.6, but range may vary and still be healthy

Homeostatic Control Mechanism

internal system that constantly monitors internal condition, sensor. Sends messages to an integrator that compares incoming information with set point range, brain. If a change needs to be made, sends a message out to body to correct the change if it gets beyond set point range.

Sensor Mechanism

mostly nerve cells that monitor condition and senses changes in condition

Integrator

Usually the brain. Receives afferent messages about condition and compares to set point range. If change needs to be made, sends an efferent message, from brain to body, about what change to make

Effectors

Usually muscles or glands. Receives efferent message from brain about what change to make to bring condition back to set point range

Negative Feedback System

opposes a change, reverses the condition

Positive Feedback System

does not return to normal, reinforces change, pushes variable beyond normal

Childbirth

during labor, stretch receptors in birth canal are stretched by movement of baby. Muscles in birth canal sends messages to brain about increased stretch. Rather than reduce muscle contraction, brain releases hormone, Oxytocin, which travels to uterus to increase muscle contractions to push baby out.

Anatomical Position

used as a reference point to describe body

• Standing, eyes and toes forward, palms up.

Symmetry

humans exhibit bilateral symmetry, body can divided into mirror halves that are balanced in size and shape

Ipsilateral

body parts on same side of body

Contralateral

parts are on opposite side

Ventral

belly

Dorsal

back

Cranial Cavity

brain and skull

Spinal Cavity

spinal cord

Superior

toward head

Inferior

toward feet

Anterior

front ventral

Posterior

back dorsal

Medial

toward midline

Lateral

toward side

Proximal

toward nearest point of attachment

Distal

away from point of attachment

Superficial

near surface

Deep

away from surface

Body Planes

planes that divide body into segments

Sagittal Plane

lengthwise plane, divides body into rt and lt halves

Coronal plane

lengthwise plane, divides body ant. to post.

Transverse

crosswise, upper and lower half.