AP ECE United States History ~ Second Half of Period 7. 20s - 40s

• School teacher John T. Scopes in violation of Butler Act which made the teachings of evolution unlawful

• Religion vs. Atheism, Tradition vs. Modern. Rural vs. Urban

• Scopes paid to violate the law

• publicity stunt for the town

• term coined by FDR

• how America won with production and industry, not man power

• kept men home to work

• Battle of Stalingrad: August ‘42 - Feb. ‘43

• turning point

• Russians on offensive, Nazis retreat

• fought with “American machines, American money, and Russian men”

• Operation Torch: November 42. Invasion of North Africa

• Operation Husky: Summer 43. Invasion of Sicily

• Operation Avalanche: September 43. Invasion of Italy

• Tehran Conference: November 43. Discussion of D-Day with Churchill, Stalin, and FDR

• Operation Overlord: June 44. Invasion of Normandy - D-DAY!

• Landed on 5 beaches in Normandy

• Hitler underestimated his defenses (Fortress Europa)

• BRITISH: bombing by night, not precise area bombings

• AMERICANS: bombing by day, extra dangerous, precise af with norton bomb site, precison bombings

• First town bombed by Americans Aug 17th, 1942

• Begins american bombing campaign over europe

• ‘Straight bombing campaign’

• Operation Gomorrah- july 43~ a horrific bombing run in Hamburg causing fire storms and hurricanes

• Use of norton bomb site

• Meeting with donald nelson and war production board (WPB)

• Says D-day MUST be pushed back a year because of FDR’s outgreouts production standards and numbers he wants

• 90 division gamble: instead of 215 divisions in the army 90 and we put the rest of the men in work at factories to make our stuff yay war production

• Production! Employment! Yay for us

• not afraid to be noticed - unlike the former

• public advertising

• not just against blacks - against them, catholics, jews, immigrants, and more

• 5M members

• got 16 governors, 75 reps, and 16 senators elected

• 1937 in CHICAGO- chicago wants to stay the hell out of this war

• War is a contagin. It will spread

• But, we need to be prepared for it it arrives to us!

• “I have seen war. I have seen people die. I hate war¨ 

• Neutrality acts~ Prohibiting loans, selling war stuff to other countries at war

• cash + and carry act: you have to come personally to america to buy weapons and stuff and pay upfront with cash

• neutral at the start, neutrality ended w/ pearl harbor

• dust storms blow top soil away

• modern farming tech provides pros and cons. Cons: over farm land, makes too much dirt

• drought starts in 1931

• makes dust storms

• black sunday: huge dust storm over the southern plains. ppl have to wear masks

• black spiritual, musical, cultural, artistic, political, and literary movement

• “if we must die” by claude mckay: first poem, jumpstarts the HR

• influenced by the Red Summer of 1919 and the Great Migration

• Harlem: epicenter of the movement

• “the negro speaks of rivers” langston hughes

• 2 italian men, accused of robbing and killing a man outside of a factory

• both anarchists

• found guilty

• fueled anti-immigrant sentiment, esp. against italians

• won with production

• “arsenal of democracy”

• axis terrified of America’s production capabilities

• made norton bomb site: computer that locates military bases and the like. TOP SECRET

• economy rose, europe’s diminshed

• a way to provide the allies with supplies without selling.

• “Give it back when done” mentality

• If your house is on fire, I will give you my garden hose to put it out, not sell my garden hose. 

AMERICA:

• economic growth

• negative unemployment

• great depression cured

• least amount of casualities (400k)

• benefited (SOMEWHAT)

EUROPE:

• many deaths (esp. civilians)

• economic ruin

• cities destroyed