Posclassical Western Europe

WEU was different from BE in that it had…

Despite Roman catholicism, priests still had to steer people away from ___ for centuries

the western christendom was on the margins of history until 1000 ce, partly bc of its location away from the ___ ___ & ___ ___

WEU’s geography made ___ ___ difficult, so it was never unified like China, BE, or the Islamic world

WEU’s extensive ___ & ___ facilitated exchange, while the moderate ___ allowed agriculture to support a growing population

___ was the main political system in 800-900, lasting in some areas until the 1400s

in thousands of ___, lords had power over the peasants/serfs; less lords/knights allied with kings/greater lords, recieving ___ & ___ for ___ ___

families bound to lords’ estates; labor in return for security

after 1000, EU became a system of competing states with ___ beginning to take more authority as feudalism diminished; various states of modern countries appeared while others remained divided ___-___

EU’s multicentered political system gave rise to frequent ___ but also enhanced the role/status of ___ __; euro values & societies were far more ___ than China

interstate rivalry & willingness to borrow stimulated ___ ___

by 1450, eu had caught up with asia in technology, adapting asian, med, & arab tech to build the strongest ___ in the world (esp mastery of seas)

weu rulers were different from the east, being ___ and dealing with competing sources of power like ___ and the ___

___ ___ ___ was the sole weu organization that spread across the entire region between 1200-1450

the roman catholic church’s ___ ___ put a representative in every area, and ___ provided a shared language

the church was very wealthy—its ___ gave it power & funded charity/education initiatives; also funded decadence & churchmen’s political pursuits, garnering accusations from ___

the church, nobles, and rulers competed for power but also reinforced each other:

the inability for one powerful group to dominate the others let ___ ___ exercise local power, appointing officials & enforcing laws; some became almost completely independent city-states

kings looking for allies against the church & nobles allowed cities autonomy while ___ ___ to the kings

eu rulers’ weakness & merchants’ autonomy may have led to ___ and the development of ___ ___/___ that didn’t embody the masses but rather the 3 “estates of the realm”

3 estates of the realm that were most often represented in gov

500-1000: no ___ ___ to protect ppl; every ___ was built to be multi-purpose

1000-1300: ___ become more elaborate; central govs protect & more ppl means ___ ___

feudalism and manorialism meant…

the middle ages (500-1000): agri, trad & politics focused on ___ (dark ages); ___ ___ became spiritual, intellectual, political power

900-1100 was a transition period; 1096 saw the start of the ___

the late postclassical period (1000-1450) saw population ___, ___ & ___ activity, ___ growth; the catholic church remained the power it had been in the middle ages

economy 50-1000: result of ___ & ___; farms have ___ productivity (driven by peasants & serfs); little/no ___ or trade

economy 1000-1450: growing ___ productivity allows for ___; ___ ___ become common; ___ slowly returns; small ___ class emerges

(1000-1300): new phase caused by good climate & stability; opened war for accelerated economic & social change

during the high middle ages, these occured:

societal improvements accelerated after the ___ ___; survivors were able to demand lower rents & better wages

agricultural advancements (heavy-wheeled plow, horses, crop rotation) supported a growing ___ ___ but harmed the ___

mechanical energy(cranks, flywheels, windmills, water mills) revolutionized ___—flour, beer, iron, paper, etc. were easier to make

increased production, agricultural expansion, and new energy sources meant ___ ___ within Europe and w/ BE & Islamic world

growing towns attracted merchants, artisans, and other skilled workers who organized into ___ to regulate their jobs

econ & urban growth offered new job opportunities for ___, who were active in many different professions

by the 1400s, women’s positions in skilled jobs ___; most women’s guilds were gone and they were banned from joining others

the ___ offered an alternative life for women, esp. aristocrats, who were attracted to the secluded convent life & partial freedom from male control—there, they might even have some ___ and be ___

most of the independence of nuns declined by the 1300s; male control tightened along w/ new ideas of masculinity:

holy wars from 1095-1200s by western europe

over the years, the crusades were caused by various political/econ/social motives, but they were always ___ at the core

support for the crusades showed a view of them as security from enemies threatening the ___’s ___ ___

the crusades drew on both ___ ___ and ___ values

led by people in various positions of power, the crusades showed a growing european capacity for ___, ___, ___, & ___, sometimes even without a central direction; it also showed ___

the most famous crusades were aimed at taking back jerusalem and other places associated with ___ from the world of ___ to christianity

the crusades were not limited to the middle east; various regions within the ___ continent were also targets of crusades, as well as ___ & general ___ of the pope, and persisted as Europe began ___ ___ in the 1400s

the crusades had little lasting impact in the ___ ___; european power was not enough for much ___

the crusades still had significant results, bringing spain, sicily, and the baltic region permanently to ___ while the ___ empire weakened

the crusades’ contact with the islamic world stimulated a demand for ___ ___; let ___ & ___ ___ flow through europe

the crusades hardened cultural barriers, such as the divide between ___ ___ & ___ ___, as well as the worsened ___ against jews

later eu empire-building continued the crusade notion that “___ ___ __”

intellect in eu changed a lot after 1000: developed ___ ___ gave towns, unis, & guilds some independence

universities became “ ___ __ ___ ___” where scholars were not as pressured by religion/politics

literate churchmen emphasized human reason’s ability to grasp nature & consider divine mysteries

rational thought was applied to ___—logic, philosophy operated in service to Christ; this eventually spread to med, law, & sciences

interest for rational inquiry made european scholars seek the ___ ___ ___(esp aristotle) in BE & the islamic world, which were translated into ___, spreading arab & greek knowledge throughout eu

___’s teaching became the basis for weu thought & education, becoming integrated into the christian doctrine

began in italy 1350-1500; inspired by ancient past but reflected wealthy male elite’s belief that they were living in a new era removed from religious feudal eu

the emphasis on rationality lay a basis for the later ___ ___ & european ___ of life

ranaissance artists aimed not to merge greek & roman culture w/ christianity but to use them as a ___ to imitate and then ___

the elite class patronized artists whose works were more ___; religious themes stayed prominent but ___ ___ & ___ themes were shown as well

the renaissance reflected ___ ___ & ___ emphasis of italian cities; ___ challenged christianity, and individualism signaled the rise of a new ___ economy

association of german trading cities; controlled trade in northern europe

the german city-states made ___ and had ___ in the north & baltic seas; concluded treaties with many states, and admitted key foriegn cities to alliance

the hanseatic league was so powerful that it could resist ___ and declare ___ on opponents

major rivers & entrepots linked hansa to the ___

the hansa improved business techniques: bankers issued ___ __ ___ to merchants and ___ ___ were created to limit the risks of commerical investment