psych (u8/ch.12)

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.

any pattern of emotions, behavior, or thoughts inappropriate to the situation and leading to personal distress or the inability to achieve important goals.

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

internal, unconscious drives

failure to strive to one’s potential or being out of touch with one’s feelings

reinforcement history, the environment

irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking

dysfunctional society

organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions

the apa’s diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

false sensory experiences

extreme disorders that involve persistent false beliefs

characteristically depressed, anxious, manic, or no emotional response.

unusual or prolonged levels of anxiety

act in ways that make others fearful

talk in ways that are irrational or incomprehensible to others

behaves erratically and inconsistently at different times

statistically rare behaviors that violate social norms

the process of how someone is learning, influenced by their environments (what we can think and modify), social context (age, occupation, employment, cultural influence), etc.

unexplained, continual tenseness and uneaseiness, persistent, pervasive feelings of anxiety, without any external cause

• ⅔ women, often jittery, agitated, sleep-deprived, difficult to concentrate

sudden episode of intense dread, sudden and severe anxiety attacks that have no obvious connections with events in the person’s life

irrationally and intensely afraid of specific object of situation, focused anxiety, 1/75 people with phobias develop panic attacks, people avoid certain things they have fears of.

troubled with repetitive thoughts or actions

obsessions - irrational, ongoing, offensive thoughts

compulsions - repetitive actions to soothe obsessions

lingering memories, nightmares, or other symptoms after a traumatic event (smaller hippocampus in some studies)

panic that develops when people find themselves in situations which they cannot easily escape

theory suggests that we carry an innate biological tendency acquired through natural selection, to respond quickly and automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors

intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such. (formerly called social phobia.)

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.

major mood disorder, 20% of north american adults have had a major depressive episode, symptoms may include dejection, hopelessness, inability to feel pleasure, negative self-image

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. See major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder.

a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.

moderate depression that persists for 2+ years (“slugging through”)

• weight loss or gain

• insomnia or hypersomnia

• fatigue/loss of energy

• feelings of worthlessness

• diminished ability to think/concentrate

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

• internal vs external locus of control

• cognitive-behavioral cycle of depression

  • negative event → low self-esteem and negative interpretations → depression → negative behaviors → social rejection and loneliness → cycle repeats

depression may be a variation of learned helplessness

• stable: the bad situation will last for a long time

• internal: they are at fault

• global: all of life is bad

experience depression during the fall and winter months, based pmt pm temperature, but on amount of sunlight, treated with light therapy

maternity blues: brief state of depression experienced for a few days due to hormone changes after childbirth, 25 ro 50% of people experience maternity blues, crying, inability to sleep, anger

mild to moderately severe depression that begins within 3 months after childbirth, 13% of mothers experience postpartum depression, mood swings, despondency, phobias

bipolar 1: Manic episodes and depressive episodes

bipolar 2: mostly depressed with mild episodes of mania

mania in bp2 is not as intense, but depression is more serious

ability to function is impaired by severely distorted beliefs, perceptions, and thought processes, deriving from greek “split” “mind”, equally split between genders, males have earlier onset.

excess of or distortion of normal function, ex. hallucinations, delusions, disturbances in sensory

absence of normal cognition of affect, ex. flat affect, alogia, avolition

disorganized speech/behaviors

delusions of persecution and grandeur, no cognitive impairment

unresponsive to surroundings, purposeless movement, parrotlike speech, waxy flexibility (resistance to movement)

delusions and disorganized speech that is normal for schizophrenia, but don’t fit into other categories

linked to genetics; increased risk, maybe excess dopamine, increased brain shrinkage

* some people with schizophrenia do not show brain structure abnormalities and other disorders share similar brain abnormalities

viral infection theory: may be caused by exposure to an influenza virus or other viral infection during prenatal development or shortly after birth

children who were in the womb while their mothers were experiencing a famine showed twice the rate of schizophrenia

individuals who are genetically predisposed to develop schizophrenia may be more vulnerable to the effects of disturbed family environments

prevalence of symptoms is similar no matter what the culture

less industrialized countries have better rates of recovery than industrialized countries because the families tend to be less critical of the patients, and they think of it as transition, rather than chronic and lasting disorder

rid themselves of food

body image is different than other people

marked by disabilities in language, social interaction, and the inability to understand another person’s state of mind, withdraw into their own world, fail to form normal attachments to their parents

reading disorder where letters, words, and numbrs are perceived out of order, upside down, or completely incomprehensible

relatively common, interpreting normal sensations as symptoms of dreaded disease, sympathy or temporary relief from life demands reinforce behavior, provides attention, patients begin to doctor shop after being told there is nothing physically wrong

aka. illness anxiety disorder

rare disorder, anxiety converted into physical symptom ex. blindness or paralysis, more prevalent during freud’s time. psychological into physical, such as school-avoidance leading to stomachache before school

characerized by extreme and frequent disruptions of awareness, memory, personal identity, and ability to function

memory loss that is often selective

global amnesia with identity replacement; old life is forgotten for a new identity

* if fugue wears off, old identity recovers and new identity is forgotten

multiple personalities called “alters”, very rare and controversial

starts prior to age 10, mostly women, associated with extreme trauma

inflexible, maladaptive pattern of thoughts, emotions, behviors, and interpersonal functioning that are stable over time and across situations and deviate from the expectations of the individual’s culture.

so sensitive about being rejected that personal relationships become difficult, sensitive to criticism, avoids social situations

clingy, fear of abandonment, strong need to have others take care of them

rigid preoccupation with orderliness, rules, schedules the interfere with completing tasks, unreasonable perfectionism, preoccupation with control

mistrust and suspiciousness

detached from social relationships, emotionally cold and flat prefer to live alone.

odd thinking, odd speech, emotional mannerisms and appearance, impaired social and interpersonal functioning, often overly superstitious or suspicious and hostile.

evidence starts in childhood, no concern for others, manipulative, no remorse, psychopath

instability of emotions, self-image, behavior, and relationships, desperate efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment that are impulsive and self-destructive

exaggerates their own importancce, high need for admiration, find criticism hard to accept

exaggerated, overly dramatic expression of emotions, displays shallow, attention-getting emotions, goes to great lengths to gain others’ praise and reassurance

an institution offering shelter and support to people who are mentally ill.

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes.

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions.

a psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. (See conversion disorder and illness anxiety disorder.)

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa.

cprovides help in dealing with the common problems of normal living-relationships, child rearing, school problems. typically counselors in schools clinics or other institutions

trained primarily to work with those who have more severe disorders, but may also work with clients having less severe problems. usually private practice

a specialty of medicine; deals with severe mental problems-most often prescribes drugs. may be private practice or employed by clinics and mental hospitals

practitioners of freudian therapy. usually in private practice

a nursing specialty; licensed to prescribe drugs for mental disorders. may work in private practice or in clinics and hospitals

social workers with a specialty in dealing with mental disorders, especially from the viewpoint of social and environmental contexts

a member of a religious order or ministry who specializes in treatment of psychological disorders

french physician who contributed to the more humane treatment of psychiatric patients in the late 1700s

reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums

a drug or other substance that affects how the brain works and causes changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, or behavior.

an emotionally chareged confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

dreams provide a "psychic safety valve"—expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; contain manifest (remembered) content and a deeper layer of latent content—a hidden meaning

an error in speech, memory, or physical action that is interpreted as occurring due to the interference of an unconscious ("dynamically repressed") subdued wish or internal train of thought.

blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistance, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight

when you project feelings about someone else onto your therapist

focus on conscious rather than the unconscious mind

medication or medical procedures to act on nervous system

* agonists (mimic) and antagonists (block)

attempts to change people in the inside by changing the way they think and feel

motivated by healthy needs for growth and psychological well being, aims to help clients confront their own problems by recognizing their own freedom, focuses on the conscious mind

developed by carl rogers, uses techniques like active listening within an accepting environment

therapist listens with no judgement without directing any insights