APUSH UNIT 5

•  Mexico sold southern sections of present-day New Mexico & Arizona to the United States

• 1846

• Any land aqquired during mexican war should be off limits to expansion of slavery

• not passed but shows differences in beliefs between north and south

• By 1860s - hundreds of thousands of Americans had settled west using the Oregon, California, Santa Fe, & Mormon trails 

• Discovery of gold in California in 1848

• Discovery of gold in California in 1848

  • Gold or silver rushes in Colorado, Nevada, the Black Hills, other westward territories

  • Mining boom brought tens of thousands of men into the western mountains 

  • California's population increase to 380,000 by 1860

  • Almost one-third of the miners in the West were Chinese

  • Cities of Denver & San Francisco created by gold & silver rushes

• industrialization spread to other states of the Northeast - factories produced more varieties of goods

• Invention of sewing machine by Elias Howe shifted clothing production to factories

• 1844 - invention of electric telegraph & an increase in railroads increased the speed of communication & transportation

• Railroads became US largest industry

• cheap transportation promoted western agriculture

• transportation promoted western agriculture

• Panic of 1857 - prices for farmers dropped, unemployed in Northern cities increased, South unaffected (cotton prices remained high) - led Southerners to believe that their plantation agriculture was superior

• Acquisition of vast western lands renewed sectional debate over the extension of slavery (Wilmot Proviso)

  • Northerners viewed the war with Mexico as part of a Southern plot to extend the “slave power”

  • Many Southerners we're dissatisfied with the territorial gains from the Mexican war - most eagerly sought possibility was the acquisition of Cuba

• 1852 elected president Franklin Pierce - pro-Southern policies

  • Dispatched three diplomats to negotiate the Ostend Manifesto to buy Cuba from Spain

  • Provoked an angry reaction for antislavery Congress members

• William Walker sought to develop a proslavery Central American empire without the help of the federal government 

• 1793 and 1850

• Fugitive Slave Laws and provision for popular sovereignty became controversial

  • Fugitive Slave Laws - Southern slave owners could track down, capture, and enslave “fugitive” slaves who escaped to the North (and deny them right of trial by jury)

  • Fugitive Slave Laws resisted by antislavery Northerners

• 1852

• - Novel about the conflict between an enslaved man and the brutal white slave owner

  • Moved Northerners and many Europeans to regard all slave owners as monstrously cruel and inhuman

  • Southerners saw the novel as a proof of the North’s “prejudice” against the Southern way of lifesou

•  slavery as a “positive good” - contrasted the condition of Northern wage workers with the familial bonds the could develop on plantations between salves and master

• Antislavery and proslavery literature polarized the nation even more - abolitionists concerned about slavery as a moral issue

• 1854-1861

• warfare between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces following the creation of the new territory of Kansas

• Slaveholders from Missouri set up homesteads to win control of the territory for the South

• Emigrant Aid Company - organized by Northern abolitionist and Free-Soilers - paid for the transportation of antislavery settlers to Kansas

• Fighting broke out between slavery and antislavery groups - both groups created their own legislatures

• John Brown, abolitionist, attacked a proslavery farm killing five settlers

• John Brown led a raid attempting to arm slaves in Virginia to start a slave revolt 

  • Southern whites saw the raid as proof of North’s intentions to use slave revolts to destroy the South

• 1848

• advocated for preventing extension of slavery, free homesteads, and internal improvements 

• new lands gained should not have slavery

• they held these stance because wage workers could not compete with african american because they provided free labor.

  • Most Southern whites view attempts to restrict the expansion of slavery as a violation of their Constitutional rights

• - Divide Nebraska territory into Kansas and Nebraska and allow settlers in each territory to decide whether to allow slavery or not

  • Gave Southerners the opportunity to expand slavery 

  • Repealed the Missouri Compromise

• Tensions over slavery divided Northern and Southern Democrats and broke apart the Whig party

• American Party/ Know-Nothing Party - opposition to Catholics and immigrants who were migrating in large numbers to Northern cities 

• Formation of the Republican Party

•  Founded in 1854 as a direct reaction to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act

• - purpose was to oppose the spread of slavery in the territories

• - called for the repeal of Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Fugitive Slave Law

  • More joined as violence in Kansas increased

  • Its success threatened and alienated the South

• 1857

•  The Supreme Court ruled against Dred Scott who sued for his freedom for these reasons…

  • Scott had no right to sue in a federal court because he was not constitutionally considered a citizen

  • They considered slaves to be a form of property so Congress could not exclude slavery from any federal territory or deprive any person of property without due process of law

  • Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional 

• Southern Democrats supported ruling and Northern Republicans were infuriated 

• Supreme Courts ruled that all parts of western territories were open to slavery

• Northerners suspected the the Democratic party had planned the Dred Scott decision

• Induced thousands of former Democrats to vote Republican

• - Lincoln emerged as a national figure and leading contender for the Republican presidential nominee

• Northern and Southern Democrats held separate nominating conventions

• Southern Democratic platform called for the unrestricted extension of slavery in the territories and the annexation of Cuba

• Republican platform called for exclusion of slavery from territories, protective tariff, free land for homesteaders, and internal improvements to encourage western settlement 

• Southern secessionists warned that if Lincoln was elected president their states would leave the Union

• Constitutional Union party - wanted to preserve the Union

• Results concluded that the populous free states had enough electoral votes to select a president without the need for a single electoral vote from the South

• -secessionists in South Carolina voted to secede (1860)- other states in the Deep South did the same

  • Representative of seven states created the Confederate States of America

  • Their Constitution placed limits on the government’s power to impose tariffs and restrict slavery

•  - John Crittenden proposed a constitutional amendment that would guarantee the right to hold slaver in all territories south of the 36th parallel 

  • Lincoln did not accept the compromise because it violated the Republican position against the extension of slavery

• Union population: 22 million, South population: 5.5 million

  • Union population enhanced during the war by 800,000 immigrants

  • Emancipation brought 180,000 African Americans to the Union army (in critical years of war)

• Union controlled the majority of factories, railroads, and even farmland

• Union had a well-established central government, experienced politicians, and a strong popular base

• Use Navy to blockade Southern ports

• Take control of the Mississippi River

• Train an army of 500,000 strong to conquer Richmond

• Confederates retreated & failed to gain recognition from a foreign power

• Lincoln used this victory to issue the Emancipation Proclamation

• Union captured Vicksburg, Mississippi & took control of the length of the Mississippi River

• Union won the Battle of Gettysburg

• Lincoln’s reconstruction plan centered around the idea that Southern states could not constitutionally leave the Union - viewed confederates as a disloyal minority

  • 10% plan or Proclamation of Amnesty was fairly lenient 

  • Goal to reconstruct southern states so that unionists were in charge rather than secessionists

  • Required rewriting of state constitutions

• 1864 - Congress passed Wade-Davis bill - 50% loyal oath

  • Vetoed by Lincoln - tensions arise between presidential and congressional branches

•  - acted as an early welfare agency for freed people 

  • Initial authority to resettle freed blacks on confiscated land in the South

  • This land was given back when Johnson pardoned Confederate owners

  • Greatest success in establishing schools

• Johnson’s policies gave southern state governments ability to restrict rights of black people with their constitutions (didn’t expand voting rights and were able to more easily gain seats in Congress)

• Black Codes restricted rights and movement of former slaves

• pronounced all African Americans to be US citizens

•  divided south into military districts each under the control of the Union army 

• 15th amendment - universal male suffrage

 equal accommodations in public places - law was poorly enforced

1865-1870

13th amendment- ends all slavery (involuntary servitude)

14th amendment- grants citezenship to any person born in the US

15th amendment- gave black men the right to vote/

• Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except
  Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000

• In new constitutions, they must accept minimum
  conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.

• Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

• New Southern state constitutions were not granting suffrage.   

• Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons leading to former Confederates now returning to office! 

• Revival of southern defiance.

-Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated.

-Restore pre-emancipation
system of race relations through discrimination and inequality.

-Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers[tenant farmers].

• Other distracting issues such as Panic of 1873 and GreenBack Issue

• KKK and other groups intimdated black voters and stopped them from voting.

• withdrawal of federal troops due to political crisis of 1877

• black codes

• Peak immigration was during 1845-1855

• most immigrants lived in ethnic neighborhiods to protect culture.

• most lived in slums

• Rise of Nativsm like Know-Know-Nothing Party

• Lowered Tarriffs

• Annexed Texas

• Oregeon

• Aquirred California due to mexican war

• Polk ordered troops led by. Gen. Zachary Taylor into disputed border area of Texas/Mexico

• mexico fired shots and congress declared War

• Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo ends war

• Mexico cedes Southwest to U.S. (New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada and California)

• U.S. pays $15 million

• Mexican residents now in the U.S. could keep their property and choose citizenship

Brown and followers hacked to death 5 alleged pro slavery men in Kansas in 1856

• - Proposed by Henry Clay to prevent political crisis with the need for law and order in the West

  • California is a free state

  • Utah and New Mexico decide on slavery issue through popular sovereignty

  • Land dispute given to new territories in return for assuming Texas’s public debt

  • Ban slave trade, permit whites to hold slaves

  • Fugitive Slave Laws

• California added to the North’s power

• attempted to ease tensions between north and south

• disagreements over slavery in Whig party led to 2 different whig beliefs

• Cotton Whigs(pro slavery)

• Conscience Whigs(anti slvaery)

• while the whig party was divided

• While whigs were divided the democrats we united as a pro slavery party

• former know northings,abolitionists,free soilers, and conscience whigs joined.

• stop expanison of slavery

Northern Democrats - wanted slavery to be answered by popular soverneighty

Southern Democrats- wanted slavery in new territories protected by federal slave code

-once territories became states they could decide by popular soverrneighty