AP Human Geography Unit 7

a time in which an economy no longer relies on heavy industry and manufacturing, but instead on the offering of services

the product being assembled passes consecutively from operation to operation until completed

highly specialized and organized mass production at a single site

the tendency to substitute one factor of production for another in order to achieve optimum plant location

export-processing cities that exist in northern Mexico, close to the border with the United States

A company that conducts different areas of its business in different countries

A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located

involves services within the community; upper sectors

does not interact with consumers; primary sector/secondary sector

tertiary sector

Theory developed by economist Harold Hotelling that suggests competitors, in trying to maximize sales, will seek to constrain each other's territory as much as possible which will therefore lead them to locate adjacent to one another in the middle of their collective customer base

Companies that support the growth and development of sophisticated technologies

an area planned for high technology (usually by government through incentives, near universities where R&D occurs) where agglomeration built on a synergy among technological companies occurs.

Positive outcomes in addition to the main outcome

The negative effects on one region that result from economic growth within another region

Office buildings and other commercial spaces that congregate together

impact of a person or community on the environment

the relocation of production back to the country where the company is headquartered or where their product is sold from an outsourced overseas manufacturer

the practice of moving a business's operational processes or services to another country, often to take advantage of lower costs or labor rates there

An international organization that provides financial assistance to member countries

A group of neighboring countries that promote trade with each other and erect barriers to limit trade with other blocs

Derives from the idea that government intervention into markets is inefficient and undesirable, and should be resisted wherever possible

allow for goods from foreign countries to be imported without a tariff, that is, without being taxed for the sake of being foreign goods

the form of trade in which a good or service is traded for another good or service, as agreed upon by the people doing the trading

any transaction or exchange of goods and services

an organization that is not part of the local or state or federal government

goods, products

A difference between men and women in their opportunities, rights, benefits, behavior, or attitudes

a statistical measure that quantifies the extent of income or wealth inequality within a country. It ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 represents perfect equality and 1 represents extreme inequality.

a measure of how many units of currency are needed in one country to buy the amount of goods and services that one unit of currency will buy in another country

per person

money earned in emigrants´ new country mailed back home

the income-generating part of an organization that is involved in product sales and marketing

the main administrative office of a business or other organization

one which is not tied to any particular location or country and can relocate to another place without effect from factors of production such as resources, land, labour, and capital

places where 2 or more modes of transportation meet

The loading and shipping of containers on to ships

An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses

the name used to describe much of the South and West of the United States. Beginning in the second half of the twentieth century, cities in these regions experienced dramatic population growth as many Americans migrated away from the Northeast and the Midwest

the geographic region from New York through the Midwest that was once dominated by manufacturing

A region in which manufacturing activities have clustered together

agricultural products that are harvested, extracted, or obtained from the environment

An industry in which the production of goods and services is based in homes, as opposed to factories

The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services

economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories; not secondary

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

Attempt to establish settlements in a region for the sake of sending back resources to the native land

Attempt to establish economic control over a region for the sake of sending back resources to the native land

the part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.

the part of the economy that involves services rather than goods

Jobs that deal with the handling and processing of knowledge and information.

jobs that consist of high-level decision making for large corporations or high-level scientific research.

A location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another. (IE. car to a boat)

Model which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration.

Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.

Industry that makes something that gain volume or weight during production

Industry where the final product weighs less than the inputs

The most developed countries of the world in which industries locate themselves

The newly industrialized countries where the industries locate themselves

The poorest countries of the world where the industries locate themselves

all goods & services produced within a country no matter the citizenship

all goods & services produced by domestic residents within a country

GNP + investments abroad Divided by the number of people in the country

the balance of various economic sectors in order to maximize profits

the legal economy that governments tax and monitor (included in GDP)

transfers of money, goods, or services that are not reported to the government

The division of income among social classes in a country (Higher the disparity the more the development)

the average number of children a woman has, often utilized to measure development

The percentage of children who die before their first birthday, often utilized to measure development

the amount of fuel or gas that a country utilizes, often utilized to measure development

energy from a source that is not depleted when used, such as wind or solar power, often utilized to measure developemtn

The percentage of a country's people who can read and write, often utilized to measure development

An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the extent of each country's gender inequality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market.

Sexual health, autonomy, reproductive freedom/decision-making

the act of providing women the right of choice and self-interest

A statistic that determines what percentage of an age group or gender is currently working, utilized to gauge women's rights

Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy

a very small, short-term loan often associated with entrepreneurs in developing countries

model that theories that economic modernization of countries occurs in five basic stages: Traditional society, Preconditions for take-off , Take-off, Drive to maturity, Age of High mass consumption

Sees the world economy as a flexible core, periphery and semi-periphery

a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones

economic dependence on exports of agricultural and mineral raw materials

when two regions through an exchange of commodities can specifically satisfy each others demands

The ability of a country to produce a good at a lower cost than another country can.

seek to eliminate trade barriers across international boundaries and promote trade

Pacts between countries that make it easier to trade goods across national boundaries by reducing tariffs

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

Administers the rules governing trade between its 144 members. Helps producers, importers, and exporters conduct their business and ensure that trade flows smoothly.

An organization that promotes trade and economic cooperation among the southern and eastern countries of South America

An economic organization consisting primarily of Arab nations that controls the price of oil and the amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations.

government plans, at various scales (central, regional, local, provincial, etc.), to help promote economic development.

A tax on imported goods

The economic crashes that happened internationally due to the globalization of the world's economy.

agencies such as the International Monetary Fund, that acts as a bank for the world and provides countries loans

the practice of loaning small amounts of money to people who intend to start a small business in less developed countries, usually from more developed countries

Hiring workers in other countries to do a set of jobs

The decline of manufacturing and factory work and outsourcing it to another country