Biology | Unit IV: Human Body Systems, Microorganisms, and Disease

What are the levels of organization?

Tissue mainly made up of skin; used for protection

Tissue that binds epithelial tissue to structures

Tissue that sends and receives nerve impulses

Describes the relatively constant internal conditions that organisms maintain despite changes in the internal and external environments.

A process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus, a generally very stable mechanism of control.

Converts food into small molecules that can be used by the cells of the body for energy.

Includes the skin, lungs, liver, and kidneys; and excretes metabolic waste from the body.

One of the most toxic waste compounds produced by living things

Removes excess water, salts, and a small amount of urea in sweat

Carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration, is exhaled by the _____

Converts dangerous nitrogen-based wastes into urea (less toxic)

Remove excess water, urea, and metabolic wastes from the blood

Transports oxygen, nutrients, and other substances throughout the body, and it removes wastes from tissues

Pumps oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary artery from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary circulation

Pumps oxygen-rich blood through the aorta to the rest of the body through systemic circulation

Large vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues of the body

Smallest blood vessels so small that blood cells can pass through in single file; thin walls allow oxygen and nutrients to diffuse into tissues and carbon dioxide in

Return blood to the heart coming from capillaries

Receive blood

Pump blood

Why does the cardiac muscle tissue appear thicker in the lower part of the heart?

Red blood cells; transport oxygen; produced in bone marrow

White blood cells; fight infection

Most blood cells are ___ blood cells.

A network of vessels, nodes, and organs that recycles fluids from tissues and plays a role in nutrient absorption and immunity

Picks up oxygen from the air we inhale and releases carbon dioxide as we exhale. In the lungs, gas exchange takes place and oxygen enters the circulatory system.

Collects information about the internal and external environment, processes that information, and responds to it by sending messages in the form of electrical signals called impulses through neurons.

Carry impulses from sense organs to CNS

Carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands

Process information and send commands to other interneurons or motor neurons

When a neuron is stimulated beyond a threshold, the resting electrical potential of the membrane changes, inducing a nerve impulse called _____ _______

Nervous Sytem: brain and spinal cord

Nervous System: rest of body

Made up of 206 bones supports the body, protects internal organs, assists in movement, stores minerals, and is a site of blood cell formation

Living tissue made up of a solid network of cells and protein fibers surrounded by deposits of calcium salts

Are bones a solid, dense thing?

A place where two or more bones meet each other and connective tissues hold bones together while permitting bones to move without damaging each other

Responsible for movement of the body and consists of three different types of tissue specialized for different functions: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle

What do cardiac and skeletal muscles have in common?

Muscle fiber units called ___________

Sarcomeres contain filaments composed of proteins:

Made up of skin and its related structures (hair, nails, and glands) helps to regulate body temperature, serves as a barrier against infection and injury, removes waste, gathers sensory information, and produces vitamin D

Contains glands that produce and release hormones that travel through the blood and control the actions of cells, tissues, and organs. The system helps regulate mood and metabolism, tissue function, growth and development, and reproductive processes

An abnormal condition that harms an organism

Who proposed the Germ Theory of Disease?

Infectious diseases are caused by:

Nonspecific defenses:

The main working cells of the immune response

Depends on the action of antibodies that circulate in the blood and lymph

Defends the body against some viruses, fungi, and single-celled pathogens

A nonliving particle made of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids that reproduce only by infecting living cells

Do viruses contain more RNA or DNA?

Protein coat that surrounds a virus

Types of viral infections:

All viruses are _______

Small, simple, unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus and are classified into two domains: Bacteria or Archaea; Most are single-celled

Usually surrounded by a cell wall; contains peptidoglycan, a polymer of sugars and amino acids

Its cell walls lack peptidoglycan, membranes contain a different lipid, and DNA sequence is more similar to eukaryotes than Bacteria

Most prokaryotes reproduce _____ by the process of ____ _____

The exchange of genetic information horizontally; used by Prokaryotes

A previously unknown disease that appears in a population for the first time or a well-known disease that suddenly becomes harder to control

The first Eukaryotes; non members of the plant, animal, or fingu kingdoms; most are single-celled

Reproduction cycle that combines asexual and sexual forms of reproduction; used by Protists

Protists are at the base of the _____ _____

Heterotrophic eukaryotes with cell walls that contain chitin

A polymer made of modified sugars that is also found in the external skeleton of insects

Are fungi plants?