Review for Chem final

releases energy (exothermic)

endothermic (requires energy)

-ΔG, Decreasing the amount of available energy to perform work, happens naturally or without effort

ΔG, Increasing the amount of available energy to preform work, does not happen naturally or with effort

A measure of heat in a system

How much energy is spread out

Enthalpy

Entropy

Gibb's Free Energy

It lowers the activation energy

Increasing entropy/energy spreads out

ΔS

sum of products - sum f products

The reaction gets slower

The reaction will increase

specific heat formula

Gibb’s free energy equation

the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction

The state of the particles that is in between the reactants and products

Up

Up a little bit an then down a lot

The amount of heat absorbed

A cyclic heat transfer in a liquid or solid

Heat is transferred between 2 objects that are in contact

Heat transfer without something touching

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Get bigger(more randomness)

Gets smaller(less randomness)

When the forward reactions equal the rate of the reverse reactions. The concentrations of its products and reactants will remain unchanged.

The equilibrium constant

The reaction if product-favored

The reaction is reactant-favored

The reaction favors neither.

If an equilibrium is stressed, the equilibrium shifts in the direction that relieves the stress.

Catalysts and nobel gases

Describes the concentrations of a system to compare to the equilibrium constant (Kc) to determine if the system is at equilibrium.

then the reaction has more products than reactants, so we shift to the left! (Create more reactants)

then the reaction is at equilibrium!

then the reaction has more reactants than products, so we shift to the right! (Create more products)

Reaction Quotient equation

shift the equilibrium to the right (more product is created).

shift the equilibrium to the left (more products dissociate into reactants)

shift the equilibrium to the left (less reactants to create products, so more products dissociate into reactants).

shift the equilibrium to the right (less products dissociate into reactants, so more reactants create products)

the concentration of the molecules to increase on the side with more moles on it. Equilibrium shifts in the opposite direction.

Decreasing the pressure decreases the concentration of the side with more moles on it. equilibrium shifts in the opposite direction

By increasing the heat, more AB products will be destroyed, shifting equilibrium to the left.

By decreasing the heat, more AB products will be created, shifting equilibrium to the right.

By increasing the heat, more AB products will be destroyed, shifting equilibrium to the right.

By decreasing the heat, more AB products will be created, shifting equilibrium to the left.

Definitive shape and volume.

Indefinite shape, but definite volume.

Indefinite shape and indefinite volume.

Gas with free flowing electrons

Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance.

Changing from solid to liquid

Changing from liquid to gas

Changing from gas to liquid

Changing from liquid to solid

Changing from solid to gas

Changing from gas to solid

are forces of attraction or repulsion between two molecules.

strongest IMF, metal and non-metal, polar and non-polar

Hydrogen bonding is an attractive force that takes place between hydrogen atoms attached to ONLY Nitrogen, Oxygen, & Fluorine (NOF).

Dipole-dipole IMFs take place between two polar molecules. Any molecules that are polar have dipole-dipole between them.

All bonds are this, are weak partial attractions between two polar or nonpolar molecules

is the process of liquid molecules becoming gaseous at any temperature.

NO!!!!

Pressure and temperature at which the substance exists as all the states of matter

Pressure and temperature when the compound becomes a supercritical fluid (fluid-gas hybrid)

Molarity=moles/liters of solution(l)

To dilute a liquid, means to make it less concentrated of a certain substance. This process is used to create a desired concentration from a substance.

M1V1=M2V2

Substances dissolve differently depending on the solute and solvent.

Polar molecules dissolve polar molecules, nonpolar molecules dissolve nonpolar molecules.

Solid will dissolve

Solid will not dissolve

Liquid will mix

Liquid will not mix

More solute can be added to the mixture or the temperature can be decreased. No particles.(under the line)

The exact amount of temperature and particles, so that no more particles can be dissolved.

More solute exists in the solution than can be dissolved. Particles are present.

22.4L

is the process of analyzing and calculating mass relationships in chemical reactions.

the reactant that gets used up first in a chemical reactant

is the maximum amount of product that can be generated from a chemical reaction. Theoretically, all of the reactant will be used to create as much product as possible.

is the amount of product that is ACTUALLY generated during a chemical reaction.

The percent yield is the percentage of product that was actually created compared to what could theoretically be created.

Actual/Theoretical ᐧ 100 = % Yield

the reactants that are not used up when the reaction is finished

1. (of a compound, especially a metal oxide or hydroxide) able to react both as a base and as an acid.

Fission occurs when a neutron hits a large, unstable nucleus and causes it to break into two smaller nuclei.

is the amount of a substance that must be present in order for a chain reaction to occur.