Biology (diversity) (Quiz one)

All organisms capable of breeding freely with each other under natural conditions

• organisms that can breed ;)

The cross breeding of two different species

• when a speces is classified based on physical appearance

• usually used when a organism is produced asexually

• change that occurred in an entire population

• usually occurs over a long period of time

• the variety and number of species of life forms on earth

3 main types (species diversity, genetic diversity, ecosystem diversity)

• quantity of each species present as well as the variety of the species present

• physical shapes and sizes and diversity of species present.   Organisms tend to thrive in ecosystems with ‘structural diversity’.

• individuals in a population have different combinations of genes and genetic mutations.

• An organism that obtains energy rich nutrients by consuming living or dead organisms

• An organism that uses sources of energy to produce nutrients from water, gases or minerals

• A term to describe the recent geological time period during which time humans have caused a major change to the planet.

• change climate, reduced biodiversity and altered many ecosystems.

• Adjective that describes a organism that undergoes photosynthesis

• plant that grows in, on or from land

• Plant that live in an aquatic environment

• Small and simple '

• No nucleus

• no membrane bound organelle

• does have cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and DNA

• evolved from prokaryotic cells

• has membrane bound organelle

• more complex

• has a nucleus

• the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms.

• A group of organisms that share a common ancestor are

• also can be called cladistics

• A diagram depicting evolutionary relationships between different species or groups

Methanogens:

• live in low oxygen environments

• they generate energy by by converting chemical compounds into methane

Halophiles

• they love salt so they live in salty places

Extreme thermophiles

• love hot places

Psychrophiles

• love cold oceans

• Proteobacteria - Ancestors of mitochondria

• Cyanobacteria - Ancestors of chloroplasts

• Gram Positive Bacteria – commonly seen as both helpful and harmful bacteria

• began to effectively use microscopes to draw and describe what are now known as microorganisms.

the largest of all groups in the classification of life. There are currently 3 agreed groups at this level, the Archaea domain, Bacteria domain, and Eukarya domain.

developed our first formal system of taxonomy (the identification and classification of living organisms).

• King (kingdoms)

• Phylup (phylum)

• came (class)

• over (order)

• for (familie)

• green (Genus)

• salad (species)

quiz your self:

https://www.thinglink.com/scene/635583558768918528

• how eukaryotic cells have originated from a symbiotic relationship between different types of prokaryotic cells.

  • According to the theory, mitochondria and chloroplasts, two important organelles found in eukaryotic cells, were once free-living prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by other prokaryotic cells.

  • Over time, the larger host cell and the smaller cells developed a mutually beneficial relationship where the host cell provided protection and resources, while the smaller cells provided specialized functions such as energy production (mitochondria) or photosynthesis (chloroplasts).

  • Evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory includes the fact that mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, can reproduce independently of the host cell, and have a similar structure and function to free-living bacteria.

Round: Coccus, Diplo-coccus,Strepto-coccus, Staphylo-coccus

Rod(oval): Bacillus, Diplobacillus, Streptobacillus

Spiral: Spirillum

• thick protein layer that stains purple

• more susceptible to antibiotics

• many are disease- causing

• thin protein layer that stains pink

• has other material in the complex layered c.w. that block antibiotics.

Endospores are highly resistant, dormant structures that are formed by some bacteria as a response to unfavorable environmental conditions.

• A parent cell produces two daughter cells that are exact copies of the parent cell.

• The chromosome and plasmid replicate, the cell elongates, a septum or wall divides the cell, followed by cytokinesis.

• Errors in DNA replication create mutations, this provides genetic diversity.

• Two cells share genetic information when one cell copies  a gene from one plasmid and transfers it to a second cell.

• The DNA transfer occurs through connecting pili.

• A whole strand of DNA is transferred from a dead bacteria to a living one.

• Physical contact is not required.

• Also called horizontal gene transfer

• Newly “ transformed” bacteria can now perform functions of dead bacteria. Ex. could now become pathogenic (disease-causing).

Disease-causing

• dna is transferred to one bacteria to another via a bacteriophage

• Unicellular and prokaryotic

• Smaller than the Eubacteria

• Strictly heterotrophic

• Asexual reproduction (binary fission)

• Many live in extreme environments;

• prokaryotic

• Asexual reproduction

• parts: capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, plasmids, pili, flagellum

• Eukaryotic

• Some can cause disease in humans

• Very variable:

• Some are plant-like, animal-like or fungi-like

• Eukaryotic and multicellular (with the exception of yeast)

• Heterotrophs (decomposers), returning nutrients to the soil

• Used to be confused with plants; however, fungi do not have stems, leaves or roots; they are not autotrophs and they do not produce seeds but produce spores

• Digest organic matter upon which they grow

  • Absorb the nutrients they break down through their mycelium, a mesh of microscopic branching filaments

• Cell walls have chitin

• Produce spores as reproductive cells (not seeds like plants do)

• members have roots, stems, and leaves

• autotrophic, using their green chlorophyll to do photosynthesis to produce their own food

• have cellulose in their cell walls

• produce sexually (sperm ad egg) and asexually (runners, etc.); produce seeds through sexual reproduction

• no members with cell walls

• strictly sexual producers

• strictly heterotrophic (must consume others for nutrition)

• able to move (at least during one stage of their life)

• All viruses are nonliving and therefore require a host organism for its survival and continued reproduction.

• Viruses only infect in their host range

• Viruses that infect bacteria are called bacteriophage or phage

• All viruses act by forcing the host cell to manufacture 100’s or 1000’s of copies of itself.  While this is going on, the host cell can’t make the material it needs to carry out its normal function – an infection results.  If the infection spread locally an epidemic occurs, and if it travels globally it creates a pandimic

Alternation of generation is a process found in some organisms, such as plants and algae, where there are two distinct stages in their life cycle, one of which is haploid and the other is diploid.

In plants, this process involves two generations - the sporophyte generation (diploid) and the gametophyte generation (haploid). The sporophyte generation produces spores through meiosis, which then develop into the gametophyte generation. The gametophyte generation produces gametes (sperm and egg cells) through mitosis, which then fuse during fertilization to form a zygote. The zygote develops into the sporophyte generation, thus completing the life cycle.

Understanding alternation of generations is important for biology students and professionals studying plant and algae biology and evolution.

• In general, the sporophyte produces spores that develop into gametophytes,

• and the gametophytes produce gametes that fertilize to form a new sporophyte.

• This alternation of generations is a key feature of plant life cycles.