AICE Enviornmental Exam Study Guide

Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North America, South America and Oceania

Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean and Southern Ocean

Nigeria

• Birth rate; 5.3 per women

• Death reate; 11.4/1000

• Infant mortality; 72.2/1000

• Life expectancy; 54.7 yrs

• 95.1 mil people in poverty

• education; 62.02% as of 2018

• presidential system

• 9.7% unemployment

Namibia

• Birth rate; 3.34 per woman

• Death rate; 7.7%

• Infant mortality; 30.1/1000

• Life expectnacy; 63.7 yrs

• 43.3% poverty rate

• Education; 92% of adults

• representative democracy

• 21.7% unempolment rate

United States

• Birth rate; 1.64 per women

• Death rate; 9.07%

• Infant mortality; 5.4/1000

• Life expectancy; 77.3 yrs

• Poverty rate; 11.6%

• education; 95% high school education

• democracy

• 3.5% unemployment March of 2023

the ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Nitrogen, oxygen coarbon dioxide, argoin water vapor

troposhere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere

a large area characterized by its vegetation, soil, climate, and wildlife.

five major types of biomes: aquatic, grassland, forest, desert, and tundra

the role an organism plays in a community

• competiton (intra [between difference species] and inter [between the ame species]- specific)

• grazing (eating folliage)

• predation (eating othert animals)

• carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

• 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

respiration and waste

the chemical reactions in cells that break down glucose molecules and release energy, carbon dioxide and water

• limited amount of historical data made it difficult to compare past CO2 levels

• development of scientific theory and advances in technology currentlyt produce more reliable results

  • meauseing past CO2 levels with ancient ice

• limited amount of data

• lack of public and media knowledge

• uncertainty in climate models

• geospatial systems

• satellite sensors

• radio tracking

• computer modelling

• crowd sourcing

(ages 0-14 + ages 65 and over/ages 15-64) x100

• lower tax revenues

• higher pension spending

• pressure on health care

• pressure to raise retirement age

The total amount of carbon compounds produced by photosynthesis of plants in an ecosystem in a given period of time.

the amount of carbon retained in an ecosystem (increase in biomass); it is equal to the difference between the amount of carbon produced through photosynthesis (GPP) and the amount of energy that is used for respiration (R)

the rate of production of biomass for an ecosystem

10% of energy from the lower trophic level is transferred to the other

• resources of potential medicines

• food, wood, fibres, oils and fuels

• diversity in genes

• ecological services

• cultural and recreational value

(remeber 3-4)

an international treaty to protect endangered plants and animals from the threats of international trade; effective since 1975

the global body charged with the conservation of whales and the management of whaling

• implemented an indefinite moratorium/halt on whlaing and the designation of ocean sanctuaries

a set of rules for sustainably managing European fishing fleets and conserving fish stocks established in 1970

• manages fisheries to stop overfishing

an intergovernmental organization promoting the sustainable management and conservation of tropical forests and the expansion and diversification of international trade in tropical timber from sustainably managed and legally harvested forests

• basically regulates deforestation

the world's most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species.

• deforestation leading to fragmentation

• fuel wood and timber collection

• agricultural expansion

• mineral extraction

• hydroelectric and reservoir projects

• climate change

• exploitation of individual species

(remeber 3-4)

prohibits nuclear testing, military operations, economic exploitation, and territorial claims in Antarctica

an international organization within the United Nations that provides food assistance worldwide

• It is the world's largest humanitarian organization and the leading provider of school meals

biofuels (biomass including wood, bioethanol and biogas)

geothermal energy

hydroelectric dams

tidal energy

wave energy

solar energy

wind energy

fossil fuel (oil, natural gas, coal)

nuclear energy using uranium as a fuel

the reliable availability of energy sources at an affordable price with a consideration of the environmental impacts

supply of energy that is in line with economic developments and environmental needs

systems that react promptly to sudden changes in the supply-demand balance

• fossil fuel depletion • inequality in global energy resources • population growth • differing energy needs of countries in different income groups • climate change • supply disruption – natural disasters, piracy, terrorism (remeber 3-4)

• increasing energy efficiency • increasing energy production • reducing reliance on fossil fuels • investing in renewable resources and carbon neutral fuels • development of alternative energy technologies • investment in local energy projects • rationing (remeber 3-4)

• contamination of soil leading to leaching and contamination of ground water • build-up and release of the greenhouse gas methane (CH4) with a danger of explosions • visual and noise pollution and unpleasant odour • risk of spread of disease • release of toxic substances • bioaccumulation and biomagnification • plastics and microplastics in oceans (remeber 3-4)

• salt water in oceans

• surface fresh water – ice sheets, glaciers, lakes, rivers, swamps, marshes, permafrost

• sub-surface fresh water – soil moisture, ground water, permafrost

• atmospheric water

the ability to access sufficient quantities of clean water to maintain adequate standards of food and manufacturing of goods, adequate sanitation and sustainable health care

a mix of air pollutants that deposit from the atmosphere as acidic wet deposition (with a pH <5.6) or acidic dry deposition

• the effects on fish gills (clogging) and fish populations (reduction in egg hatching)

• defoliation and reduced crop yield

• enhanced chemical weathering

a mixture of air pollutants and particulates, including ground level ozone, that is formed when oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react in the presence of sunlight

causes: eye and respiratory irritation • decreased crop yields • deterioration of plastics and rubber

CFCs move into the stratosphere and break down in the presence of ultraviolet light to release a chlorine atom • rapid reactions between chlorine atoms and ozone breaks down ozone (O3) to oxygen (O2), causing ozone depletion • chlorine atoms remain in the stratosphere and can continue to destroy ozone

using the dobson unit

an area where the average concentration of ozone is below 100 Dobson Units

gases in the atmosphere that absorb infrared radiation and identify some common greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane)

• combustion of fossil fuels (carbon dioxide and water vapour)

• rice fields and livestock (methane)

• landfill sites (methane)

implemented the objective of the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) to reduce the onset of global warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere

• it failed

sets out a global framework to avoid dangerous climate change by limiting global warming to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C

• experts don’t believe it is enough

• solar radiation management (SRM) –

  • albedo enhancement (increaseing land/cloud brightness to reduce absorption rates)

  • space reflectors

  • stratospheric aerosols (aerosols spayed into the atmosphere to promote reflectivity)