Studied by 1 personpH of 0-6.9 is
acidic
Atoms are the
basic unit of matter
pH of 7.1-14 is
basic
biochemistry is the study of
elements and compounds in living organisms
pH stands for
percent hydrogen
carbohydrates are always
ring shaped
protons are
positively charged
electrons are
negatively charged
monomer
a single subunit / basic unit of a compound
an element is the
most basic form of any pure material
a compound is a
combination of two or more different elements
H2O is a
compound
nucleotide is the monomer to
nucleic acid
hydrogen (H) is a
element
Polymer
a chain of 3 (or more) monomers
macronutrients
nutrients needed in large quantities in the body
pH of 7.0 is
neutral
What are some of the major macronutrients
hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen
micronutrients
nutrients needed in small quantities in the body
what must a compound contain to be considered organic?
Hydrogen and Carbon (bioCHemistry)
neutrons are
neutrally charged
carbohydrate is a
organic compound
3 fatty acids + glycerol is the monomer to
lipids
nucleic acid is a
organic compound
amino acids are a
monomer
protein is the compound to
amino acids
monosaccharide is the monomer to
carbohydrates
proteins always have
carbon (C) hydrogen (H) oxygen (O) nitrogen (N)
what are proteins used for?
enzymes, hormones, cell receptors, antibodies, muscles, and body structure
carbohydrates are used for
primary energy source, cell walls (plant cells), starch, chitin (exoskeleton)
lipids have
a long chain of glycerol (E shaped)
Nucleic acids only have
2 DNA and RNA
uses of nucleic acids
controls traits protein production
dehydration synthesis
to join molecules together by removing the water
removing water makes a molecule
complex
hydrolysis
to add water to spilt a molecule apart
adding water to a molecule makes it
simple
catalyst is a chemical that
speeds up chemical reactions without being changed by the reaction
enzymes are
protein catalysts
can enzymes be reused
yes
what do enzymes do to molecules
break apart and put together molecules
most enzymes end in
ase
substrate is
the molecule that a enzyme if working on
product is
the molocule(s) created by an enzyme
denaturing enzymes
when extreme conditions cause the enzyme to change shape
what changes shape when an enzyme denatures
the active site
why is it a problem that the active site changes shape
the nutrients will no longer fit
what happens to an enzyme when the temperature is too hot
it denatures
what happens to an enzyme when the temperature is too cold
it slows down
what is the ideal temperature for enzymes
room temperature
what is the ideal pH for enzymes
neutral
what happens to an enzyme when the pH is too basic
it denatures
what happens to an enzyme when the pH is too acidic
it denatures
Robert Hooke
-First to describe cells
-viewed thin slices of cork and compared them to cells in a monastery
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
-Observed cell organisms
-"Little animalcules"
-First to observe a red blood cell and a sperm cell
Robert Brown
Named the nucleus
A compound light microscope
A.) Two lenses (ocular and objective)
B.) Specimen must be transparent
Ocular
-The eye piece
-Magnifies the image
Body Tube
Holds the lenses
Nosepiece
rotates the objectives/lenses
Stage
The platform for the slide
Stage Clips
holds slide into place
Diaphragm
Controls the amount of light passing through the specimen
Mirror/light source
lights the specimen so its easier to observe (Mirror reverses the image of the specimen)
Arm
Used to carry the microscope
Base
Supports the microscope
Coarse Adjustment Knob
Used for preliminary focusing NEVER used on high power
Fine Adjustment Knob
used to focus on high power, and to fine tune low power
High power objective has a magnification of 10
This objective has a magnification of 100x
(this is the max magnification)
Low power objective
This objective has a magnification of 10x
(Minimum magnification)
(Scanning objective - has a magnification of 4x)
Magnification power is equal to
the product of the ocular lens times the objective
resolution
Ability to distinguish between two objects very close together
what limits the resolving power of the light microscope?
The properties of light
electron microscope
uses a beam of electrons instead of light to get a greater resolution and magnification
Dissecting microscope
used for viewing opaque specimens
provides a 3-D view
does not reverse the image
Phase Contrast Microscope
provides contrast without stains
ultracentrifuge
separates organelles by spinning them in a test tube
denser parts sink to the bottom of the test tube
The cell is
the basic unit of life
The cell theory
All organisms are made up of one or more cells These cells working individually, or together in tissues or organs, preform all life functions
-All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Exceptions to the cell theory
The first cell could not have come from a pre-existing cell Viruses, which are NOT cells have hereditary material and can reproduce Organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts have DNA and can reproduce
prokaryote
-Do not have structures surrounded by membranes
-Few internal structures
-one celled organisms (like bacteria)
-look like tampons
eukaryote
-Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
-most living organisms
Cell organelles
Organelles are small specialized structures that carry out life functions within cells
Plasma cell membrane
-regulates the movement of materials into or out of the cells
Note
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