World History - Industrial Revolution Notes

process of taking over and consolidating lands formerly shared by peasant farmers

money used to invest in enterprises

is a business organization in a specific area

someone who manages and assumes the financial risks of starting new businesses

creator of the cotton gin

created the Watt engine which was a revolutionary steam engine which powered machines like steam ships

movement of people to cities

multistory buildings divided into apartments

organizations of workers who bargained for better pay and working conditions

allowing businesses to operate with little or no government interference

asserted that a fair market would benefit the rich and poor

predicted that poverty was unavoidable because the population was increasing faster than food supply

people as a whole should own and operate the means of production

an ideal society

philosopher who created the economic system of communism

Society without any social classes in which all property is publicly owned. Later became a corrupt authoritarian system anywhere it was practiced

working class

developed a new process for making steel from iron

made the first electric lightbulb

machine that moves along a belt where workers add parts to a product from one station to the next

invented and flew the first motor-operated airplane

invented the radio

share in a company

idealization of women and the home supported by popular books, magazines, and songs at the time

campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages

abolitionist and suffragist who wrote a speech about the lack of unity among the women’s suffrage movement

right to vote

banned the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcohol

Prohibition amendment

granted women the right to vote

overturned prohibition

group of women and some men gathered in New York to discuss women’s rights

document created during the Seneca Falls Convention similar to the Declaration of Independence. Advocated for equal citizenship of women

In the 1700s, there was an increase in production brought about by the use of machines and characterized by the use of new energy sources.

Dutch inventions made better use of land and increased crop yields.

A shift in the labor force was a factor in industrialization. Small farm workers migrated to cities working in factories tending to the machines of the Industrial Revolution.

Agricultural revolution reduced risk of famine, better sanitation, and revolutionary medicine

Natural resources, geography, and social conditions like increased capital and entrepreneurs

Workers crowded into factory towns endured dangerous working conditions, unsanitary and overcrowded housing, and unrelenting poverty.

In factories, workers worked in dangerous conditions for long hours with low wages. Exhausted workers could potentially be injured or lose their life from hazards. Coal mine conditions include dangers of explosion, flooding, and collapsing tunnels.

Benefits: increased productivity, new enterprise, advancements in technology and medicine, better infrastructure like bridges, tenements, etc

Challenges: classism, poor working conditions, increased alcoholism, pollution, unsanitary living conditions

The Industrial Revolution brought on the emergence of a new social class as opposed to the rich versus the poor. Industrialization created a middle class of professionals like doctors, lawyers, and teachers.

Labor unions are organizations of workers who bargain for better pay and working conditions. Protesting workers called luddites protested new technology which replaced their jobs by destroying factories.

Laissez faire economics believed that the government should not interfere in the free operation of the economy. The free market system inspired how current economies function today like the United States.

Adam Smith believed that the government should play a limited role in economic affairs. He believed that a free market system would benefit all social classes and encourage more enterprise or business.

Thomas Malthus warned the dangers of population growth due to the Earth’s finite resources. He thought the only checks on population growth were “natural” methods like war, disease, and famine.

The haves had always owned the means of production and controlled all the wealth. The haves were the bourgeoisie. The have-nots were the proletariat or the working class. He believed there would be a constant struggle between the haves and the have nots. However, the proletariat will be victorious.

During the second industrial revolution, the pace of change quickened as companies hired professional scientists and engineers to create new products and machinery.

Big business refers to an establishment run by entrepreneurs who finance, manufacture and distribute goods and services on a large scale. As time passed, big businesses controlled entire industries.

The industrial revolution slowly changed the social structure of society. Women were essentially second class citizens embodied by ideals such as the cult of domesticity. This contributed to women fighting for equality in marriage, divorce, property laws, and equal citizenship.

Prohibition increased unemployment because businesses that sold alcohol went out of business. Police officers and government officials took part in the selling and consumption of alcohol. Organized crime groups also took part in the manufacture and distribution of alcohol.

There was a lack of unity among the women’s suffrage movement because white suffragists changed their stance on women’s rights as a gender issue only. Women of color like Sojourner Truth continued to advocate for their rights as women of color. However, women of color were not allowed to vote according to the 19th amendment.