Exam 4: Respiratory, GI, and Renal

What is the equation for blood flow?

What is the equation for cardiac output?

How is systolic pressure measured when measuring blood pressure?

How is diastolic pressure measured when measuring blood pressure?

Where is oxygen concentration the highest?

According to the Law of Laplace, pressure exerted by surface tension is decreased when 1________________.  You learned this in the context of 2________________ and 3________________ is a detergent that helps combat their closure if they are coated with fluid.

The volume of the intrapleural space of a normal human being is kept at a minimum by what?

Inspiration requires 1_____________of the diaphram, pressures of the intrapleural space to be 2_____than atmospheric pressures, and pressures of the intrapulmonary space to be 3________than atmospheric pressure.

What are Type I alveolar cells responsible for?

What are Type II alveolar cells responsible for?

What are some examples of disorder of the surface tension of alveoli?

What causes the increase in respiratory rate?

If blood pH is too high, then your body will compensate for this by breathing 1________ to retain C02 to convert it to 2__________ HCO3- and 3__________H+.

If blood pH is too high, then your body will compensate for this by breathing 1________ to retain 2_______ .

The difference between the tidal volume and vital capacity of your lungs is called:

Lung stretch receptors 1_______I motor neurons and 2_________E motor neurons.

If blood pH is high, then 1_____needs to be retained in order to produce more 2____________ because it dissociates to produce 3__________.

During 1_______, a bolus of food stimulates sensory neurons.  Interneurons then activate motor neurons which 2________in the esophagus behind the bolus and 3________ in the esophagus in front of the bolus.

Which of the following is not a cell type in the gastric glands?

a. Mucous cell

b. Parietal cell

c. Chief cell

d. Submucosa cell

e. All of the above are cells in gastric glands

Pacemaker activity that coordinates 1_________ of the intestines is generated by 2____________.

________ is the product of chief cells that is an active enzyme that degrades ingested proteins.

What are some reasons that jaundice causes yellow skin colorization?

Glucagon and insulin are secreted from the 1_______ located in the 2_________.

If blood glucose levels fall, alpha cells release 1_________, but, if blood glucose levels rise, beta cells release 2__________.

Presence of fat and protein in the duodenum causes secretion of _______; which results in the secretion of pancreatic juices.

__________ digests starches to maltose and short chains of glucose molecules.

The “filtration barrier” of the glomerular capsule prevents ______ from being filtered from the blood:

Anti-diuretic hormone is secreted from the 1______________ and causes 2__________.

Aldosterone  is secreted from the 1______________ and causes 2__________.

What is the body’s response to low blood pressure (kidney unit)

The general mechanism of diuretic drugs is to 1_________________, resulting in 2______________.

Which of the following is a major difference between the kidney cortex and kidney medulla?

1. blood flows in the cortex; urine collects in the medulla

2. the medulla is very hypertonic compared to the cortex

3. sodium is absorbed in the medulla; water is absorbed in the cortex

4. the nephron is in the cortex, not the medulla

5. the medulla is the outer layer of the kidney; the cortex is the inner layer

Diabetes Insipidus is characterized by what?

In the kidney, the enzyme 1_____________ aids in the reabsorption of 2____________.

“GFR” is a measure of what?

Common drugs to treat acid secretion in the stomach act by…

a. neutralizing stomach acid (antacids)

b. blocking the H+/K+ ATPase pump

c. blocking histamine receptors (antihistamines)

d. b and c

e. all of the above

Match the exchange surface with the function

1. kidney glomerulus

   1. lipid absorption

   2. water & Na+ reabsorption

   3. nutrient absorption

   4. oxygen absorption

   5. plasma filtration

Match the exchange surface with the function

1. vasa recta

   1. lipid absorption

   2. water & Na+ reabsorption

   3. nutrient absorption

   4. oxygen absorption

   5. plasma filtration

Match the exchange surface with the function

1. villus

   1. lipid absorption

   2. water & Na+ reabsorption

   3. nutrient absorption

   4. oxygen absorption

   5. plasma filtration

Match the exchange surface with the function

1. lacteal

   1. lipid absorption

   2. water & Na+ reabsorption

   3. nutrient absorption

   4. oxygen absorption

   5. plasma filtration

Match the exchange surface with the function

1. alveoules

   1. lipid absorption

   2. water & Na+ reabsorption

   3. nutrient absorption

   4. oxygen absorption

   5. plasma filtration

Identify the different parts on the diagram

Identify the different parts of the kidney

If a person drinks too much water, how is blood volume kept more or less constant?

How can you distinguish diabetes mellitus from diabetes insipidus?

What parts of the nephron contribute to sodium reabsorption?

Label the respiratory structures

Which enzyme triggers the release of most of the enzymes secreted from the pancreas?

normal GFR is ~200L/day, when normal plasma volume is typically 3 L. About how much filtrate volume is reabsorbed?

What is the "gateway" that regulates gastric emptying into the intestine?

You attempt to treat two patients with diabetes mellitus, by transfusing blood between them (so that they share a blood supply). What outcomes would indicate that one has Type I diabetes and the other has Type II diabetes?

What is the major cause of stomach ulcer?

What occurs during respiration?

What is angiotensin’s impact on…

1. arterioles

2. adrenal cortex

3. blood stream

4. pancreas

What is CCK’s impact on…

1. arterioles

2. adrenal cortex

3. blood stream

4. pancreas

Why would a perforation of the chest wall cause a problem with breathing?

What is blue light therapy a treatment for?

What does spraying surfactant into the lungs treat?

What is a treatment for a patent oval foramen?

What is a treatment for central diabetes insipidus?

Match the exchange surface with the compound(s) that move across that surface.

Answers may be used once, more than once or not at all.

1. placenta

2. villi

3. collecting duct

4. gastric pits

5. alveoli

   1. CO2

   2. fatty acids

   3. H20

   4. H+

   5. bilirubin

The enzyme 1_____ aids in the reabsorption of 2_____ from the urine.

What is the main function of myoglobin?

If the chest wall is punctured and air enters the intrapleural space, the lung may collapse. This condition is called what?

The primary metabolic waste that is ultimately eliminated via the urine is what?

After a meal, blood glucose levels increase and stimulate the secretion of which hormone?

A subject is instructed to breath in and out of a closed volume with CO2 filter attached, so that she is re-breathing the same volume of air but expired CO2 is removed. After a few minutes what happens?

Why is glucagon prescribed to treat hypoglycemia?

What is the trigger for insulin to release from pancreatic cells?

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle 1_____ occurs, so that 2_____ can occur in the descending limb.

Atmospheric PO2 is 150 mmHg; PO2 in the pulmonary artery is 40 mmHg. If you are suddenly exposed to a low oxygen environment with a PO2 of only 30 mmHg, what would happen?

What is a major difference between peristalsis and segmentation?

Why is it that an acetylcholine agonist (e.g. muscarine) could stimulate both acid and bicarbonate secretion into the gastrointestinal tract?

The apneustic center promotes 1_____, while the pneumotaxic center promotes 2_____.

The "Renal Plasma Threshold" of glucose is the level at which…

a. more glucose is filtered by the kidney from the plasma than can be reabsorbed

b. glucose appears in the urine

c. glucose transporters in the proximal tubule become saturated

d. a potential indicator of diabetes mellitus (Type I or Type II)

e. all of the above

What is NOT stored in some tissue reservoir of the body for use or recycling when it is not being breathed in or eaten?

How does Angiotensin II help increase blood pressure (2 ways)?

When acting on its target tissues, what is the effect of insulin?

Which of the following factors generally increases respiratory rate and depth?

a. increase in blood bicarbonate

b. breathing into a sealed container

c. decrease in blood CO2

d. decrease in blood pH

e. decrease in O2 but not CO2 levels in the environment

In hemoglobin, the 1_____ at the center of heme binds 2_____.

The figure represents glucose, insulin, and glucagon levels in the blood of a healthy subject after a meal rich in carbohydrates (CHO meal). Which statement does NOT describe what is happening after this meal?

a. alpha cells of the pancreas release glucagon

b. after the meal, blood glucose level rises and beta

cells of the pancreas release insulin into the blood

c. liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen

d. insulin increases glucose uptake in muscles and adipocytes

e. beta cells and acinar cells of the pancreas are

activated by the vagus nerve to produce gastric juices and insulin

Sensory neurons do NOT detect changes in one of these physiological variables of the plasma. Which one is not well-regulated?

a. glucose

b. osmotic concentration

c. plasma pH

d. blood pressure

e. bilirubin

The relatively toxic metabolite 1_____ is derived from 2_____ and secreted in the 3_____.

Which of the following organs does NOT secrete digestion juices or enzymes?

a. kidneys

b. liver

c. stomach

d. pancreas

e. all of the above secrete either digestion juices or enzymes

Parts of the villi

Enterohepatic Circulation