Anatomy Final

The study of structure and shape of the body and its parts

Study of how the body and its parts work or function. (structure determines what functions can occur)

Easily observable; large structures - stomach, small intestine, large intestine.

Structures are too small to be seen with the naked eye; Cells and tissues can be viewed only with a microscope.

• Atoms

• Cells

• Tissues

• Organs

• Organ Systems

• Organisms

Water, Normal Body Temp, Nutrients, Oxygen Atmospheric pressure

toward the head or upper part of the body (above)

cranial or cephalic

away from the head or lower part of the body (below)

caudal

toward the front of the body (infront of)

ventral

toward the backside of the body (behind)

dorsal

toward the midline of the body (inner side)

away from the middle of body (outer side)

between a more medial, lateral structure

close to the origin of the body/head (attachment points like arms and legs)

farther from the attachment point (attachment points like arms and legs)

is towards the surface of the body (skin is most superficial)

more internal/away from the body surface (inside)

Dorsal and ventral

Cranial and Spinal

Houses the brain; Protected by the skull

Houses the spinal cord; Protected by the vertebrae

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic

Cavity superior to the diaphragm; Houses heart, lungs, and other organs; Mediastinum, the central region, houses heart, trachea, and other organs; Protected by the rib cage

Cavity inferior to the diaphragm

–Superior abdominal cavity contains the stomach, liver, and other organs; Protected only by trunk muscles

–Inferior pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum; Protected somewhat by bony pelvis

Four Quadrants and Nine Regions

• abdominal and pelvic cavity are divided into four quadrants, anteriorly.

• A line runs from the sternum to the pubis and a second line that crosses horizontally by the navel creating

• the right upper quadrant, R U Q, the left upper quadrant, L U Q, the right lower quadrant R L Q, and the left lower quadrant, L L Q.

The nine regions are created by two midclavicular lines running down vertically, and two horizontal lines, one above the umbilicus and one below the umbilicus.

Right side top region; contains the liver

Middle top region; contains the stomach

left side top region; contains the diaphragm

Right side middle region; contains the large intestine

Middle region; Contains small intestine

left side middle region; contains large intestine

Right side bottom region; Contains the appendix

bottom middle region; Contains the urinary bladder

Left side bottom region

cuts sections into imaginary lines

Transverse, Midsagittal, Frontal, Sagittal (4)

divides the body into superior and inferior

Divides the body into equal left or right

Divides the body into anterior or posterior (front and back)

divide the body into left or right parts

Endocrine, Urine, Cardiovascular, Skeletal, Muscle, Reproductive, Integumentary, Nervous, Lymphatic, Digestive

• Secretees chemical molecules, called hormones into the blood

• Body functions controlled by hormones include: Growth, Reproduction, Use of nutrients

• Includes: kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder, and urethra.

• Maintains acid-base balance

• Regulates water and electrolyte balance

• Includes: heart and blood vessels.

• Blood transports: oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones.

• Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints.

• Provides muscle attachment for movement, Protects vital organs, Site of blood cell formation, Stores minerals

• Skeletal muscles contract (or shorten)

• Produces movement of bones

• For male, it includes: the testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and duct system.

  • Testes produce sperm

  • Duct system carries sperm to exterior

• For female, includes: the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

  • Ovaries produce eggs

  • Uterus provides site of development for fetus

• Forms skin, hair, and fingernails; waterproofs the body

• Protects deeper tissue from injury, Produces vitamin D with the help of sunlight, Excretes salts in perspiration (sweat), Helps regulate body temperature, Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

• Fast-Acting control system

• Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

• Responds to internal and external stimuli

• Includes: lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs

  • Heart pumps blood

• Houses white blood cells

• Includes: the oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and accessory organs

• Breaks down food

• Allows for nutrient absorption into blood

Stimulus, Receptor, Control Center, Effector, Input, Output, Positive vs Negative feedback loops, Afferent pathway, efferent pathway; Responsiveness

maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions

Nervous system and Endocrine system

Receptor, Control center, effector

produces a change in the variable; causes a reaction (RECEPTOR IS THE NASAL PASSAGE?)

• Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)

• Sends information to control center along an afferent pathway

• DETECTS CHANGE

Information is sent along afferent pathway to control center.

• Determines set point

• Analyzes information

• Determines appropriate response

• Sends information down efferent pathway to effector

• Provides a means for response to the stimulus

• Information flows from control center to effector along efferent pathway

The response of the effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and return the variable to homeostatic levels.

Positive and negative feedback

• most common feedback type

• Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms

• Shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity

• Opposite thing will put you back into balance (if you are cold, you need heat)

• Works like a household thermostat (ex: when you sweat you cool down, when its dark you turn on light, when you are hungry you eat)

• Rare in human body

• Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther

• Reaction occurs at a faster rate

• Same thing will put you back into balance (if you cut yourself, you keep bleeding till it stops)

• In the body, positive feedback occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby

Fibroblast, Erythrocyte, Epithelial, Fat, Macrophage, Neuron, Oocyte, Sperm, Red Blood Cells

Cells that make fibers; Secretes cable-like fibers

Red blood cell; Carries oxygen in the bloodstream

Erythrocyte

Covers and lines the body’s organs; Packs together in sheets; intermediate fibers resist tearing during rubbing or pulling

Stores nutrients; lipid droplets stored in cytoplasm

fights disease; another name for white blood cell; Digests infectious microorganisms

Macrophage

gathers information and control body functions; Nerve cell; ▪Receives and transmits messages to other body structures

female reproductive cell; Largest cell in the body; Divides to become an embryo upon fertilization

male reproductive cell; Built for swimming to the egg for fertilization; Flagellum acts as a motile whip

Isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic

Mitochondria, ribosomes, rough ER, smooth ER, golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, lysosomes, microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, centrioles, nucleus, nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin

Homogeneous mixture of two or more components

dissolving medium present in the larger quantity; the body’s main solvent is water (DISSOLVES)

components in smaller quantities within a solution. (IS DISSOLVED)

Active and Passive transport

the cell provides the metabolic energy (ATP) to drive the transport process.

substances are transported across the membrane without any input from the cell

• Molecule movement is from high concentration to low concentration, down a concentration gradient

• Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution

• Kinetic energy (energy of motion) causes the molecules to move about randomly

• Size of the molecule and temperature affect the speed of diffusion

–The molecules are small enough to pass through the membrane’s pores (channels formed by membrane proteins)

–The molecules are lipid-soluble

–The molecules are assisted by a membrane carrier

Simple diffusion

• ▪Unassisted movement of solutes

  ▪Solutes are lipid-soluble or small enough to pass through membrane pores

• –Osmosis—simple diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Cell

muscular

umbilical

Hips

superior

umbilical

ventral and dorsal

pelvic cavity