Bio160 Exam 2

capacity to cause change

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

stored energy

energy of motion

location (gravitational) and structure (chemical bonds)

light, sound, mechanical, and thermal

shared electrons far from positively charged nuclei

long, weak bonds

short, strong bonds

ΔG=ΔH-TΔS

change in Gibbs energy

change in enthalpy

change in entropy

temperature in degrees Kelvin

total energy in a molecule, cause of a molecules pressure and volume

products have less potential energy, heat is released

products have more potential energy, heat is absorbed

amount of disorder (larger=more disordered)

products more ordered than reactants (A+B=AB)

products more disordered than reactants (AB=A+B)

enthalpy decreases and entropy increases

enthalpy increases and entropy decreases

enthalpy increases and entropy increases

enthalpy decreases and entropy decreases

releases energy (oxidation)

requires energy (reduction)

chemical energy released from one reaction to drive another

gain of one or more electrons

loss of one or more electrons

loses a proton

gains a proton

lower the activation energy barrier

temperature, pH, protein cleavage, phosphorylation

inhibitor blocks substrate from going into active site

inhibitor goes into different active site and changes the active site for the substrate

regulatory molecule binds to separate spot to open active site for the substrate

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

C6H12O6 --> 6CO2

6O2 --> 6H2O

glycolysis, pyruvate processing, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

1 glucose, 2 ATP, 4 ADP, 2 NAD+

2 pyruvate, 4ATP, 2 ADP, 2 NADH, 2 ATP

cytoplasm

2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+, 2 CoA

2 CO2, 2 NADH, 2 Acetyl CoA

mitochondrial matrix or cytoplasm of prokaryotes

2 acetyl CoA, 2 ADP, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD

4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 CoA

mitochondrial matrix or cytoplasm of prokaryotes

2 FADH2, 10 NADH, 6 O2, 25-32 ADP

2 FAD, 10 NAD+, 6 H2O, 25-32 ATP

inner mitochondrial membrane or plasma membrane of prokaryotes

inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae

glycolysis can be regulated by

ATP

active site has higher affinity for ATP than allosteric site

regulates glycolysis by conserving glucose when ATP is high

the final electron acceptor is absent and only produces 2 ATP

6CO2 + 6H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

plants, photosynthetic protists, photosynthetic bacteria

capture sunlight, split water, O2 byproduct

convert CO2 into glucose

a cluster of a few hundred pigment molecules that function as a light-gathering antenna

located in the thylakoid membrane

light, H2O, ADP, NADP+

O2, NADPH, ATP

fixation, reduction, regeneration

CO2, ATP, NADPH

ADP, NADP+, glucose from G3P

The most abundant protein on earth. Performs Carbon Fixation in the Calvin Cycle.

where the calvin cycle takes place in eukaryotic photosynthesis

photosystem I and II, ETC, and ATP synthase location in eukaryotic photosynthesis

where protons accumulate in eukaryotic photosynthesis

where glycolysis occurs in eukaryotic cellular respiration

where pyruvate processing and citric acid cycle occurs in eukaryotic cellular respiration

ATP synthase and electron transport chain in eukaryotic cellular respiration

where protons accumulate in eukaryotic cellular respiration

2 identical daughter cells

asexual reproduction, production of new cells

interphase (G1, S phase, G2), and mitotic (M) phase

S phase

prophase/prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

after chromosome replication, each one has 2 sister chromatids

chromosomes condense, spindle apparatus forms, nuclear envelope breaks down, and microtubules connect to kinetochores

chromosomes migrate to middle

sister chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes and are pulled apart

nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes decondense

actin myosin ring causes plasma membrane to pinch inwards, cytoplasm divides, and two daughter cells form

cleavage furrow, actin, and myosin

microtubules direct vesicles to the center to divide the cell into two plant cells

DNA is copied and protein filaments attach

DNA copies separated, ring of proteins forms

ring of protein draws in membrane, then separates

divide in an uncontrolled fashion, invade nearby tissues, and spread to other sites in the body (metastasis)

mutated tumor suppressor gene which produces a defective nonfunctioning protein, leading to excessive cell division

binds to enhancers and promotes transcription of genes that arrest the cell cycle, repair DNA damage, and trigger apoptosis

adequate cell size, sufficient nutrients, social signals present, and DNA undamaged

chromosomes have replicated successfully, undamaged DNA, and activated MPF present

chromosomes have attached to spindle apparatus, chromosomes properly segregated, and MPF is present

binds to cyclin (regulatory protein)