Chapter 5 - Perception, individual decision making & creativity

________ can be problematic because many shortcuts and subjectiveness is used.

________: tendency to prefer a sure gain of a moderate amount over a riskier outcome might have a higher expected payoff.

________ influences decision makers by suggesting to them what choices are preferable in terms of personal payoff.

________: tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted the outcome.

________: individuals who report unethical practices by their employer to outsiders.

________: impose and enforce rules fairly and impartially so that there is an equitable distribution of benefits and costs.

Bounded ________: process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity.

________: analyzing how people actually behave when confronted with ethical dilemmas.

________ effect: tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic.

________ error: tendency of individuals to believe that they can predict the outcome of ________ events.

________ prophecy: situation in which a person inaccurately perceives a second person and the resulting expectations cause the second person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception.

________: choices from among to or more alternatives.

Creative outcomes (innovation): ideas or solutions judged to be novel and useful by ________.

________ are strongly influenced in their decision making by the criteria on which they are evaluated.

________: attempt to determine whether an individuals behavior is internally or externally caused.

________: process of creative behavior that involves developing possible solutions to a problem from relevant information and knowledge.

________: state when possible solutions to a problem incubate in individuals mind.

________: process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

________: tendency to selectively interpret what one sees on the basis of one's interests, background, experience and attitudes.

Problem: discrepancy between the ________ and some desired state.

Influences on decision making: ________ and organizational constraints.

________: tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgements about the behavior of others.

________ can definitely influence the way a decision is being made like in the selection of problems, depth of the analysis, etc.

________: evaluation of a persons characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.

________ are made that are often inaccurate.

________: ability to produce novel and useful ideas.

________: state of creative behavior which involved identifying problem or opportunity that requires a solution that is as yet unknown.

________: tendency for people to base their judgements on information that is readily available to them.

________: unconscious process created out of distilled experience.

________: overconfident about our abilities and the abilities of others, usually unaware of it.

________: individuals to make decisions consistent with fundamental liberties and privileges, respecting and protecting basic rights of every individual.

Process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment

Attempt to determine whether an individual’s behavior is internally or externally caused

Tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgements about the behavior of others

Tendency for individuals to attribute their own success to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors

Tendency to selectively interpret what one sees on the basis of one's interests, background, experience and attitudes

Tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic

Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics

Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs

Situation in which a person inaccurately perceives a second person and the resulting expectations cause the second person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception

Choices from among to or more alternatives

Discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state

Characterized by making consistent, value maximizing choices within specified constraints

Decision making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome

Process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity

Unconscious process created out of distilled experience

Overconfident about our abilities and the abilities of others, usually unaware of it

Tendency to fixate on initial information, from which one then fails to adequately adjust for subsequent information

Tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that contradicts past judgements

Tendency for people to base their judgements on information that is readily available to them

Increased commitment to a previous decision in spite of negative information

Tendency of individuals to believe that they can predict the outcome of random events

Tendency to prefer a sure gain of a moderate amount over a riskier outcome might have a higher expected payoff

Tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted the outcome

Utilitarian criterion, rights criterion and justice criterion

Individuals who report unethical practices by their employer to outsiders

Analyzing how people actually behave when confronted with ethical dilemmas

Ability to produce novel and useful ideas

Proposition that involves three stages: causes (creative potential and creative environment), creative behavior and creative outcomes (innovation)

State of creative behavior which involved identifying problem or opportunity that requires a solution that is as yet unknown

State when possible solutions to a problem incubate in individuals mind

Process of creative behavior that involves developing possible solutions to a problem from relevant information and knowledge

Process of creative behavior involving the evaluation of potential solutions to problems to identify the best one

Intelligence is related to creative behavior, expertise is the foundation of all creative work

Potential is not enough, you need to be in an environment where creative potential can be realized

Ideas or solutions judged to be novel and useful by relevant stakeholders