non-symbolic interaction
response to gesture / action
Tannenbaum’s, “Crime & Criminality”
“dramatization of evil” - when minor laws are broken, society dramatize it
Sequence of Interaction
primary deviation
Social penalties
penalties & rejection
Hostilities & resentment
action by society
stigmatizing & penalties
acceptance
Outsiders: studies in sociology of deviance (Becker)
“outsiders”, people others consider deviant
pure deviance
people who disobey the rules
Falsely accused
people who have been identified as disobeying the rules when they did not violate the rules
secret deviant
people who violate the rules of society WO/ society reacting to this behavior
stereotyping
racial prejudice & discrimination
Retrospective interpretation
individual is identified as a deviant & viewed as “new light” (new personality)
status degradation ceremony
dramatic process; giving an individual a new identity (criminal trial)
negotiation
plea bargaining
Normalization
minimal controls do not hurt individuals from getting along with each other
Schrag’s Basic Assumption
no act is intrinsically criminal
Criminal definitions are enforced in the interest or the powerful
A person dose not become a criminal by violating the law
The practice of dichotomizing individuals into criminal & noncriminal groups is contrary to common sense & research
Only a few persons are caught in violating the law, even though many individuals may be equally guilty
Once a criminal, always a criminal, but some are more than others
Criminal sanctions also vary according to other characteristics of the offender
Free-will perspective allows for the condemnation & rejection of the identifies offender
Difficult for the offender to maintain a favorable image of himself
Critiques of Learning Theory
vaueness & ambiguity
evaluating the labeling theory
Labeling theory focuses criminal & deviant behavior
Labeling theory focuses on the “reactors” rather than the “actors”
Consensus Perspective
assumes that virtually everyone is in agreement on the laws & assumes no conflict in attitudes regarding the laws & rules of society
Conflict Theory (Cold)
focus on the individual
group & intergroup relations
may explain criminal behavior
group-conflict theory
people come into conflict with one another due to conflicting & competitive interests
spiritual
otherworld powers
natural
systematic & scientific
Crime included
political protest
labor disputes
between & within competing unions
racial & ethnic clashes
criminality & Legal Order (Turk)
Individuals become accustomed to social roles & maintains social order
criminalization
interaction between those who enforce the ale & those who violate the law
partisan conflict perspective
purpose of changing the world
Nonpartisan conflict
truth should be independent of personal values
Social norms
behavior patterns
cultural norms
verbal formulations of values
The Social Reality of Crime (Quinney) - Propositions
Definition of crime
Formulation of criminal definitions
Application of criminal definitions
Development of behavior patterns in relation to criminal definitions
Constriction of criminal conceptions
The social realty of crime
The social realty of crime
constructed by the formulation & application of criminal definitions, development of behavior patterns related to criminal definitions
Constriction of criminal conceptions
constructed & diffused in the segments of society by various means of communication
Development of behavior patterns in relation to criminal definitions
behavior patterns are structured in segmentally organized society in relation to criminal definitions & engage in actions that have relative probabilities of being defined as criminal
Application of criminal definitions
applied by the segments of society that have the power to shape the enforcement & administration of criminal law
Definition of crime
human conduct that is created by authorized agents in a politically organized society
Formulation of criminal definitions
behaviors that conflict with the interests of the segments of society that have the power to shape political policy
Marxist Criminology
law is a tool of the ruling class
they argue that all crime is a product of a class struggle
scholars need to address the relationships between the mode of production & understanding crime
bourgeoisie proletariat
works for those who own the means of production
false consciousness
proletariat to believe that maintaining the capitalist system is in their best interest, rather than in interest of the bourgeoisie.
proletariat
they never profit from their own efforts because the upper class
bourgeois
create & implement laws that helped retain their dominance over the working class
Law, Order, & Power
Legal order constitutes a self serving system to maintain power and privilege
Integrated Structure-Marxist Theory
the state functions to serve the long-term interests of the Bourgeosie
stratified networks
negotiate those relationships between the broader social context & patterns of delinquent behavior among peer groups
Spitzer - Groups that are labeled deviant are threatening: (APASGS)
Accumulation of society
Procreation of labor & process of production
Approved patterns of distribution & consumption of society
Socialization of population inter production role
Groups that threaten capitalist ideology
Surplus Labor Population
Spitzer - Whether or not surplus labor population is deviant is based on: ESLEAPU
Extensiveness & intensity of state control
Size level of threat from problem population
Level of organization of problem population
Effectiveness of social control structure to central population
Alternative types of processing
Parallel control structure (organized crime, crimes, tribes)
Utitility of problem Population
Spitzer - Alternative to dealing with problem population?
Normalization, Conversion, Containment, Supply of Criminal enterprise
Social junk
individuals who are passive & do not attempt to disrupt society
Retributive justice
the repair of justice through one-sided approach of imposing punishment
Restorative justice
the repair of justice by reaffirming a shared consensus of values, involving a joint/ multisided approach
Balanced Approach Mission
sanction based on accountability measures
offender rehabilitation & reintegration
enhanced community safety & security
Left Realism
the etiological crisis due to rising crime rates
The crisis in penalty in terms of the failure of prisoners, as well as a reappraisal of the role of police
The increased awareness of victimization & of crimes that had gone unnoticed
A growing public demand & criticism of public service efficiency & accountability
Definition : attempts to provide an analysis of crime on all levels & develop a range of policy recommendations
What are the 4 types of Bonds?
Attachment
Commitment
Involvement
Belief
Attachment
affection that characterizes a relationship between people
Extent individual cares about opinions of conventional others
Commitment
investment an individual has in conventional society
Involvement
Too busy W/ conventional activities to engage in delinquent acts
Belief
The endorsement of conventional rules, values, & beliefs
Who was the creator of the social band theory?
Travis Hirschi
What is the social bond theory?
emphasizes that tightly bonded people are less likely to commit crimes
What is the self - control theory?
(gottfredson & hirschi) general crime theory; criminal events are generally based on immediate removal of an irritant.
What are the elements of Low Self Control?
impulsive, insensitive, short-sighted, non-verbal, risk takers, & prefers physical not mental activities
What is parent socialization?
Parents’ influence on their children
What are the 3 steps of effective parent socialization?
effective monitor child's behavior
recognize deviant behavior
punish deviant behavior appropriately
What is the stability hypothesis — self-control?
self control is fixed between the ages of 8-10 & links self control with victimization [victims have LSC]
What is the new definition of self-control?
"The tendency to consider the full range of potential costs of a particular act which moves the focus from the long term implications of the act to its broader and often contemporaneous implications.”
What is the dual systems model?
emphasizes the impact of brain development during adolescence and early adulthood
What are the elements of the dual Systems model?
socioemotional system & cognitive control system
What is the socioemotional system?
lambic and paralimbic systems
fully developed during adolescence
increased sensation seeking
What is the cognitive control system?
frontal lobe
not fully developed until early adulthood
less impulse control
What is a lifespan wisdom model?
emphasizes the impulsivity & sensation seeking
What did Durkheim propose?
The idea of collective conscience; Automatic spontaneity & awakened reflection
What is automatic spontaneity?
animals eating habits; eat when full & stop when hungry
What is awakened reflection?
greed; people tend to favor better conditions & additional fulfillment because there are no limits
What is the collective conscience ?
likeliness that people share = stronger collective conscious = less crime
What are the functions of collective conscious?
Establish rules that stop people from being selfish
Crime allows people to unite
What are the main points of Hobbes’s Social contract theory?
humans are naturally greedy
People look out for their best interest
Humans come together due to the fear instilled by the government
What is Freud’s Concept of the ID & Superego?
individuals (not all humans ) are born selfless due to the brain - ID Domain & selfish tendencies are produced by the superego
Which lifestyle development stage is the ID & Superego formed?
Young infant / child due & significant others
What is Reiss’s control theory?
delinquency was a consequence of weak controls = weak ego / superego amongst juveniles
no explicit motivation for delinquent activity
delinquency occurs in absence of controls
Which social group did Reiss was the reason for delinquent beahvior?
family bond
What is Toby’s concept of Stake in Conformity?
individuals are invested in conventional society through peer influences (prevention of committing a crime)
What is Nye’s Control theory components?
Internal control
direct control
indirect control
What is internal control?
social interaction
What is direct control?
individuals propensities to commit deviant acts
What is indirect control?
individuals are strongly attached to their caregivers (parents)
What is Nye’s U-shaped curve of parental control?
There has to be a balance between freedom & parental control to prevent criminal activity
What is Reckless’s Containment theory?
individuals can be pushed into deliquency by their social environment (lack of employment / education)
pulled into criminal activity (friends)
What is Reckless’s Containment theory components ?
Inner containment & outer containment
What is inner containment?
a person’s sense of self (resisting criminal activity)
What is outer containment?
societal institutions essential in building bonds
What is Matzo’s drift theory?
individuals offend when social controls are weakened
What is soft determinism?
determinism
free will play a role in offenders’ decisions to engage in criminal behavior
What is the subterranean values?
values that the individual holds to and believes in but that are also recognized as being not quite comme ii faut.
What is Hirschi’s social bonding theory empirical status ?
the presence of social bonds is inversely related to delinquency and adult crime
What is Tittle’s Control-Balance Theory?
control is subjected
exercise determine possible deviance
a person is least likely to offend when he/she has a balance of controlling & being controlled by others
What is Hagan’s Power-Control Theory?
(explains lower level crimes)
Crime and delinquency rates are factors of class position and family function ( patriarchal / maternal influences)
What is active Gene - environment correlation (rGE)?
scanning the environment
seeking out peer groups that align with who you are = mapping genetic similarities
What is the gene correlation amongst peers?
21% of all interactions are influenced by genes
41% of all delinquent peer interactions are influenced by genes
What is Critical Criminology?
power is maintained through formal
informal social controls
society is comprised of groups of various values & interest
one side of the interest will overpower the other
What is radical conflict?
interpersonal and communal
legal and rhetorical, ethnopolitical, global, and geopolitical levels.
What is the conflict perspective?
Groups interactions determine crime behavior.
What is Marxist criminology?
The B’s will always have power while the P have to follow the law that are written / enforced by the B’s. (Creating a level of fear in the P’s will keep them at their status (continuing capitalism)
What is Colvin & Pauly’s integrated marxist theory ?
serious delinquency occurs because reproduction of coercive control patterns tied to the relationship between production and class structure in capitalist societies