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Nation
a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity
nation-state
A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
multinational state
State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.
Self-determination
Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
Colonialism
the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.
Neocolonialism
A new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations, fueled by globalization
Sovereignty
Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.
Territoriality
the defense of a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals
stateless nation
nation that does not have a state (Kurds)
political boundaries
lines that define the border of a country or state
Fronteir
A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control.
irrendentism
regain control over a territory that was once yours
delimination boundary process
The phase in which the exact location of a boundary is legally described and negotiated
Demarcated Boundary
identified by physical
objects place on the landscape, such as a sign,
wall, or fence.
antecedent boundary
a boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place while people moved in to occupy the surrounding area...
subsequent boundary
a boundary that developed with the evolution of the cultural landscape and is adjusted as the cultural landscape changes...
consequent boundary
a boundary line that coincides with some cultural divide, such as religion or language
relict boundaries
A boundary that has ceased to function, but whose imprints are still evident in the cultural
landscape
superimposed boundary
a boundary line placed over and ignoring an existing cultural pattern
geometric boundary
Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines.
physical boundary
Political boundaries that correspond with prominent physical features such as mountain ranges or rivers.
choke point
a strategic, narrow waterway between two larger bodies of water
Berlin Wall
A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West
Law of the Sea
Law establishing states rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources.
EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone)
The 200 nautical miles from a nation's shoreline of protected resources and economic activity
Contiguous Zone
Between 12 and 24 nautical miles from shore, a state may enforce laws concerning pollution, taxation, customs, and immigration
Territorial Sea
states' navigational and economic sovereign territory extending 12 nautical miles (1 nautical mile = 1.15 statute miles) from the coast (since 1982); foreign ships (both military and civilian) are allowed innocent passage through it; sovereignty also extends to the airspace over and seabed below.
Gerrtmandering
practice of redistricting to benefit a particular party
Redistricting
The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population.
voting districts
generic term adopted by the Bureau of the Census to include the wide variety of small polling areas, such as election districts, precincts, or wards, that State and local governments create for the purpose of administering elections
Supranationalism
term applied to associations created by three or more states for their mutual benefit and achievement of shared objectives
European Union
an association of European nations formed in 1993 for the purpose of achieving political and economic integration.
African Union
organization formed in 2002 to promote unity among African states and to foster development and end poverty
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
A 1949 defense alliance initiated by the US, Canada, and 10 Western European nations
United Nations
An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
Allows open trade between the US, Mexico, and Canada.
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
An international organization linking together the 10 most important countries of Southeast Asia
UN Security Council
A body of five great powers (which can veto resolutions) and ten rotating member states, which makes decisions about international peace and security including the dispatch of UN peacekeeping forces.
Federal State
allocates strong power to units of local government within the country
Unitary State
An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials
centrifugal force
a force that divides people and countries
centripetal force
An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state
Ethnonationalism
the tendency for an ethnic group to see itself as a distinct nation with a right to autonomy or independence. A fundamental centrifugal force.
Devolution
the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states
ethnic cleansing
Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region
Genocide
Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group
Shatterbelt
a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals (e.g., Israel or Kashmir today; Eastern Europe during the Cold War,...).
Balkanization
Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
Terrorism
Acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating panic among an enemy population