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Atomistic (Byrne and Thompson)
Whole or sum parts or physical. Views man as an organism composed of different organ systems and each organ is made up of tissue and each tissue is made up of cells, which is the basic unit
Holistic
Whole is not equal to the sum of parts. Man is a biopsychosocial-spiritual being. All aspects of his behavior and relationships with others in his environment.
Physiologic (concept of man)
Genetic character, organs and functioning
Psychological (concept of man)
Emotions, affect, rationality
Socio- Cultural (concept of man)
Socialization, family, language
Intellectual (concept of man)
Perception, cognition
Spiritual (concept of man)
Faith
Charity (concept of man)
Outward expression of love for others
Physiological
Sex, nutrition, shelter, clothing, water, rest and sleep
Safety and security
Physical freedom from harm ,psychological expectation of you and from other people
Love and belongingness
Nurturance with affection
Self Esteem
Sense of achievement and independence, confidence
Self actualization
attained by only 15%
Basic human needs
Universal
Met in different ways
Stimulated by ext/int factors
Interrelated
Priorities may be altered
Need (Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs)
Essential for the survival of man
Presence (Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs)
Prevents illness
Definition of health (WHO 1947)
Complete physical, mental, social (totality) well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
State of well being
Subjective perception of balance, harmony and vitality engaging in attitudes and behaviors that enhance the quality of life and maximizes personal potential
Physical (Dimension of wellness)
fitness of organ structures
Intellectual (Dimension of wellness)
use of knowledge for personal, social and career development
Emotional (Dimension of wellness)
expressing feelings and able to manage stress
Social (Dimension of wellness)
interaction with other people
Spiritual (Dimension of wellness)
Faith and hope
Acute illness
Sudden in onset, less that 6 months
Chronic illness
Gradual in onset, more than 6 months
Exacerbation
Period characterized by active signs and symptoms of the illness
Remission
Periods where no signs and symptoms are present
Objective pathologic process
Illness without disease is possible
Disease without illness is possible
Illness may or may not be related to a disease
One can have a disease without necessarily feeling ill
Deviance
behavior against social norms and shortens lifespan
Deviance results to
disrupted family and community
Definition of health (Walter Cannon 1930)
dynamic equilibrium and homeostasis
Definition of health (Florence Nightingale)
Using one’s power to the fullest and maintained by manipulating the environment
Agent, Host, Environment Model (Leavell and Clark)
Ecologic model
Ecologic Model
Expands to a multi-causation of a disease
Health as expanding consciousness (MARGARET NEWMAN)
humans are unitary human beings and the nurse is not an outcome predictor, rather a partner of a patient
Interpersonal process theory (Joyce travelbee)
Therapeutic relationship with the patient
Primary prevention emphasis
health promotion and specific protection (generally healthy people
Primary prevention is given
Before onset of illness/disease
Examples of primary prevention (1)
Generalized health education
Prevention of accidents
Standards of nutrition
Examples of primary prevention (2)
Immunization
Examples of primary prevention (3) specific prevention
Risk assessment for specific disease,
family planning/ marriage,
environmental sanitation, recreation and housing
Secondary prevention emphasis
Prompt treatment,
health maintenance with people who have health problems,
prevention of complications
Secondary prevention is given
During illness
Examples of secondary prevention
Self examinations,
screening survey,
check ups
Examples of secondary prevention (2)
assessment of growth and development and general nursing care at community and home
Tertiary prevention emphasis
support of the client rehabilitation and regaining high level of wellness
Tertiary prevention is given
after the illness is fixed/irreversible
Example of tertiary prevention
client support group, teaching how to inject insulin shot
Factors affection health and illness (Physical dimension)
Genetic make-up, age, developmental level, race and sex are all part of an individual's physical dimension and strongly influence health status and health practices.
Examples of Factors affection health and illness (Physical dimension)
The toddler just learning to walk is prone to fail and injure himself.
The young woman who has a family history of breast cancer and diabetes and therefore is at a higher risk to develop these conditions.
Factors affection health and illness (Emotional dimension)
How the mind and body interact to affect body function and to respond to body conditions also influences health. Long term stress affects the body systems and anxiety affects health habits; conversely, calm acceptance and relaxation can actually change body responses to illness.
Examples of factors affection health and illness (Emotional dimension)
Prior to a test, a student always has diarrhea.
Extremely nervous about a surgery, a man experiences severe pain following his operation.
Using relaxation techniques, a young woman reduces her pain during the delivery of her baby.
factors affection health and illness (Intellectual dimension)
Encompasses cognitive abilities, educational background and past experiences. These influence a client's responses to teaching about health and reactions to health care during illness. They also play a major role in health behaviors.
Examples of factors affection health and illness (Intellectual dimension)
An elderly woman who has only a third-grade education who needs teaching about a complicated diagnostic test.
A young college student with diabetes who follows a diabetic diet but continues to drink beer and eat pizza with friends several times a week.
factors affection health and illness (socio-cultural dimension)
Health practices and beliefs are strongly influenced by a person's economic level, lifestyle, family and culture. Low-income groups are less likely to seek health care to prevent or treat illness; high-income groups are more prone to stress-related habits and illness. The family and the culture to which the person belongs determine patterns of livings and values, about health and illness that are often unalterable.
examples factors affection health and illness (socio-cultural dimension)
The adolescent who sees nothing wrong with smoking or drinking because his parents smoke and drink.
The person of Asian descent who uses herbal remedies and acupuncture to treat an illness.
Occupational (Dimension of wellness)
Balancing work between leisure time
Symptoms experience
person believes something is wrong (physical, cognitive, emotional)
Assumption of sick role
acceptance of illness, seeks advice
Medical care contact
seeks advice to professional for validation of illness, explanation of symptoms, reassurance or predict of outcome
Dependent patient role
person becomes a client dependent on the health professional, accepts/rejects suggestions, becomes more passive and accepting
Recovery/rehabilitation
gives up the sick role and return to former role and function
Triad is composed of
agent, host, environment
Patient safety model (fundamental principle)
first, do no harm
patient safety
the absence of preventable harm to a patient and reduction of risk of unnecessary ham associated with health care to an acceptable minimum
Major attributes of human being
Capacity to think
Family
Seek and maintain territory
Use verbal symbols as language
Nursing concepts of man
Biopsychosocial being
Open system
Unified whole
Vital reparative process
Man is a whole. Man is complete
(BOVUM)
Man as a spiritual being (Concept of Man)
Belief of a supreme power who is the source of meaning and purpose of life.
Man as psychosocial cultural being(Concept of Man)
Capable of rational, logical thinking but can be irrational and illogical when provoked. Man is unique, irreplaceable individual.
Biomedical concept (concept of health)
Traditionally health has been viewed as "absence of disease" if one person is free from disease, s/he is considered as healthy.
The medical profession viewed the human body as a machine, disease because of the breakdown of the machine and one of the Doctor's tasks as repair of machine.
Minimized role of environment, social, psychological, cultural determinants
Ecological concept (concept of health)
viewed health as a dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment, and the disease as a maladjustment of the human organism to environment.
The concept supports the need for clean air, safe water, ozonic layer in the atmosphere, etc. to protect us from exposure to unhealthy factors.
Spiritual (Dimension of wellness)
belief in some force (nature, science, religion, or a "higher power") that serves to unite human beings and provide meaning and purpose to life. includes a person's morals, values, and ethics
Occupational (Dimension of wellness)
ability to achieve a balance between work and leisure time and beliefs about education, employment and home influence personal satisfaction and relationships with others
Environmental (Dimension of wellness)
ability to promote health measures that promote the standard of living and quality of life in the community
“Same and Steady”
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
Any self-regulating process by which an organism tends to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are best for its survival.
Results from the constant adjustment of the internal environment in response to change
Health belief model (Model of healthcare)
The behavior is most representative of health promotion, which is the central focus of the health belief model.
Clinical model (Model of healthcare)
focuses on relieving signs and symptoms of illness
Role performance model (Model of healthcare)
emphasizes activities such as fulfilling a particular role
Agent- host- environment model (Model of healthcare)
focuses on predicting illness
PSG 1
Identify patients correctly
PSG 2
Improve effective communication
PSG 3
Improve the safety of high alert medications
PSG 4
Ensure the correct site, correct procedure, correct patient surgery
PSG 5
Reduce the risk of health care associated infections
PSG 6
reduce the risk of patient harm resulting from falls