Pharm Exam 3

purple and thick peptidoglycan layer

pink and thin peptidoglycan layer

bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoan

30%

Too much C. difficile grows in the intestine and they give off a strong toxin that causes inflammation and bleeding in the lining of the colon

C. albicans can overgrow in people who have taken antibiotics

Antibiotics upset the bacterial balance and harm the good bacteria and cause a disturbance in the ecosystem to make you sick

allergy to drugs in the same or related group

take caution in clients with a history of allergies to many substances

skin rash, urticaria, pruritus, sneezing, wheezing, bronchospasm, laryngospasm, angioedema, hypotension, anaphylactic reactions

tetracyclines and some penicillin

When taking any antibacterial drug, overgrowth of other bacteria or elimination of normal flora can result in superinfection

slows the multiplication of bacteria

destroy the bacteria

fluroquinoles, metronidazole

tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides

penicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems, vancomycin

sulfonamides

When DNA and RNA synthesis is interrupted, the bacterial cell cannot cannot reproduce and die

interfere with the development of protein in the bacterial cell. mRNA tells cells how to build amino acids. Drugs act here by preventing the amino acids from linking together to make protein. Bactericidal.

Disrupt and inhibit the growth and repair of the bacterial cell wall. When the drug attaches to the cell, a portion of the drug molecule (beta-lactam ring) breaks the cell wall and the cell dies.

fluoroquinoles, metronidazole

tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides

penicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems, vancomycin

sulfonamides

Antimicrobial resistance, health facility-associated infections, culture and sensitivity

ability of bacteria to produce substances that inactivates or destroy the antibiotic

MRSA

staph infections (MRSA), occur most frequently in people in hospitals or skilled nursing facilities

30

swab the infected area, strain of microbe is identified, determines which antibiotic will or will not kill the microbe

inhibits the activity of folic acid in bacterial cell metabolism

bacteriostatic

E. coli, staph aureus, kelbisella, enterobacter

UTI, otitis media, ulcerative colitis, bacterial skin and eye infections, topically for burn treatment and prevention of infection

stomatitis, crystalluria, N/V/D, anorexia, abdominal pain, photosensitivity

Topic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) or Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)

widespread sloughing of skin and mucous membranes; if intestinal organs are involved, death may occur

fever, cough, muscular aches and pains, headache, lesions appear as red wheals/blisters starting in face, mouth, lips, neck, and extremities

leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, aplastic anemia

sulfonamides

“sulfa”

natural, penicillinase-resistant penicillin, aminopenicillins

disrupt and inhibit the growth and repair of the bacterial cell wall

UTI, septicemia, meningits, intra-abdominal infections, syphilis, pneumonia and other respiratory infections, soft tissue injections and injuries

stomatitis, N/V/D, glossitis, gastritis, blood cell changes (thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, anemia, bone marrow depression)

“cillin”

disrupt and inhibit the growth and repair of the bacterial cell wall

“cef” or “ceph”

5

respiratory infections, otitis media, bone/joint infections, complicated intra-abdominal or GU tract infections, prophylaxis (sexual assault and peri-operative)

N/V/D, nephrotoxicity, SJS, positive direct coombs test

antibodies stick to RBC and cause RBC to die too early

cefepime

bactericidal

bactericidal

some bacteria can produce penicillinase and some can produce beta-lactamases, which destroy the beta-lactam ring. Some penicillins are combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors.

Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid

A penicillin mixed with a beta-lactamase inhibitor

disrupt and inhibit the growth and repair of the bacterial cell wall

used in treatment of serious gram + infections that dont respond to treatment with other anti-infectives, anti-infective associated pseudomembranous colitis caused by C. difficile

nausea, chills, fever, urticaria, sudden BP fall, redness of face, arms, neck, and back, neprotoxicity, otoxicity

can damage kidneys and organs of hearing

bactericidal

bactericidal

“cycline”

Interfere with the development of protein in bacterial cell

E. coli, respiratory infections, RMSF, uncomplicated infections with chlamydia trachomatis, severe acne as an adjunctive, H. pylori

stomatitis, N/V/D, epigastric distress, skin rashes, photosensitivity

<9, can cause permanent yellow-grey-brown discoloration of teeth

nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, may reduce insulin requirements in clients with diabetes

“micin” or “mycin”

block the ribosome from reading the mRNA, preventing protein synthesis and bacterial reproduction

must monitor clients closely because they easily produce toxic reaction

bowel preparation, hepatic coma, infections caused by gram - microbes

N/V, anorexia, rash, urticaria, nephrotoxicity (usually reversible), ototoxicity (permanent), neurotoxicity

bactericidal

gentamicin

“thromcyin”

both

macrolides

wide - and gram + infections, acne vulgaris, skin infection, URI caused by Haemophiles influenzae (with sulfonamides)

“floxacin”

prevents the making of bacterial DNA and prevents cell reproduction

lower RTI, bone and joint infection, UTI, skin infections, STI

bactericidal

photosensitivity

Risk for aoritc dissection or rupture, tendonitis risk and rupture risk

clients > 60 who take corticosteriods

If diagnosed with an existing aortic aneurysm, HTN, peripheral atherosclerosis, or genetic blood vessel disorder

ciprofloxacin

prevents the making of DNA and cell production

Bactericidal

used to treat anaerobic microbes in bone, skin, CNS, internal body cavity, respiratory system

headache, nausea, peripheral neuropathy, disulfiram (like interaction with alcohol)

mycobacterium tuberculosis

droplets

3

latent, active, extrapulmonary

TB