A2 Elements combine to form substances

shiny, malleable, ductile elements

elements w/properties intermediate between non-metals and metals

do not produce heat/electricity, are structurally brittle

description of a substance that can be beaten or rolled into sheets w/o crumbling

description of a substance that can be drawn or stretched into long wires (stretchy)

unreactive with all but the most corrosive of acids

group of non-metallic atoms bound together by covalent bonds; can be made up of atoms of the same element or atoms of different elements

1-7 horizontal row (aotmic # and mass both increase as you move across)

1-18 vertical (similar chem. properties as you move down elements get larger in size and less reactive)

soft, shiny, silvery reactive w/water, GROUP 1

shiny silvery not as soft as alkali's GROUP 2

extremely unreactive non-metals GROUP 18

non metals, poisonous, react readily with alkali metals to form salts; fluorine, iodine, bromine, chlorine GROUP 17

protons neutrons and electrons

atoms of the same element containing diff numbers of neutrons

avg. molar mass of an elements atoms, including those of all the elements diff isotopes

the process of gaining/losing electrons

an electrically charged atom/group of atoms

positively charged atom (usually formed when metal atoms lose electrons)

atoms bond in such a way as to have 8 electrons in their valence energy level

the electrons in the outer level; electrons participate in bonding

the same # of valence electrons = similar chemical properties

gain or loss of electrons through the process of ionization, the # of protons + neutrons stays the same

the number of protons and electrons stays the same, named by changing the eneding of the element to -IDE

organized array of ions

smallest amt. of an ionic compound w/the composition shown by the chemical formulas number of + and - ions in the smallest whole number ratio that results in a neutral unit in the crystal lattice of a compound

type of bond formed when electrons transfer between metals and non-metals

lye, sodium hydroxide, unclog drains

baking soda, sodium hydrocarbonate, raises bread and cakes by giving off CO2 when heated

milk of magnesia, magnesium hydroxide, works as antacid and laxative

table salt, sodium chloride, adds salty taste in foods

cream of tartar, potassium hydrogentartrate, mixes w/baking soda to make baked goods rise

consist of a metal and a non metal

ionic compounds are formed by atoms STEALING electrons to obtain a full valence orbital

name the cation 1st by using the elements name (usually a metal ion), name the anion 2nd by using the 1sst part of the elements name and changing the last part to "ide" (usually a non-metal)

elements w/more than one stable ion (iron, lead)

charged particle made up of several non-metallic atoms joined together

bond formed when non-metallic atoms share electrons

element that forms molecules made up only of its own atoms

molecule composed of two atoms of the same element

sugar, sucrose, sweetener

ethanol, component of alcoholic beverages

acetane, solvent

methane, heating fuel

C(s), noble gasses (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon), all metals

O3(g) aka ozone, the gens - hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine)

mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, ennea, deca

H2O(l)

H2O2(l)

NH3(g)

C12H22O11(s)

CH4(g)

C3H8(g)

CH3OH(l)

C2H5OH(l)

H2S(g)

if formula starts w/a metal or NH4, its ionic

high melting point, retention of crystal shape, solubility in water, conductivity in solution

ibject that has a + electric charge at one end and a - charge at the other end

solution that conducts electricity; ionic compounds

s/g/l @ room temp, low melting/boiling point (covalent bonds are weak), cruble easily when broken, only some are soluble in water, tend to be insulators

sour, not slippery, reacts w/metals (H gas is produced) some metals are better at resisting attack by acids, conductive

bitter, slippery, no reactions w/metal, conductive

substance that keeps the pH of a solution nearly constant despite the addition of a small ammount of acid/base

neutralized, they lose their characteristic properties

hydrochlric acid or aqueous hydrogen chloride, muriatic acid, concrete cleaning

sulfuric acid or aqueous hydrogen sulfate, battery acid, car batteries, fertilizer manufacturing

nitric acid or aqueous hydrogen nitrate, fertilizer manufacturing, metal refining

phosphoric acid or aqueous hydrogen phosphate, sour taste in soft drinks, fertilizer manufacturing

methanoic acid, formic acid, wool dyeing, leather tanning

ethanoic acid, acetic acid, vinegar

the presence of H or -COOH

name as if ionic compound. hydrogen_ide -> hydro_ic acid, hydrogen_ate -> _ic acid, hydrogen_ite -> _ous acid

like naming ionic compounds - metal first

the presence of OH or NH4, usually solid ionic compounds

sodium hydroxide, caustic soda, drain cleaner

potassium hydroxide, caustic potash, leather tanning

ammonium hydroxide, ammonia solution, window cleaner

calcium hydroxide, milk of magnesia, laxative, antacid

magnesium hydroxide, milk of magnesia, laxative, antacid

aluminum hydroxide, antacid, waste water treatment

process in which acids and bases react w/eachother so that the H+ion and the OH- ion combine to make a single water molecule, the reaction creates water + a neutral salt