Bio 1108K Exam 2 Study Guide

Anthophyta phylum (angiosperms/flowering plants: flower and fruit)

Bryophyta phylum (Mosses)

Coniferophyta phylum

Cycadophyta phylum (Cycads)

Ginkgophyta phylum (Ginkgo)

Hepatophyta phylum (Liverworts)

Ascomycota phylum (sac fungi)

Basidiomycota phylum

Mucoromycota phylum

Actinopterygii (Ray-finned fishes)

Amphibia

Annelida (earthworm or leech)

Arachnida

Aves (birds)

Bivalvia (clams, oysters, etc.)

Cephalochordata (lancelets)

Cephalopoda

Chondrichthyes

Cnidaria

Crustacea

Ctenophora

Echinodermata

Gastropoda

Insecta (grasshopper, ladybug, butterfly, etc.)

Mammalia (possum, platypus, primate, bats, etc.)

Myxini (hagfishes)

Nematoda (roundworms)

Petromyzontida (lampreys)

Platyhelminthes (flatworm)

Porifera (sponges)

Reptilia (non-avian)

Aves or in broader terms: avian reptiles

Urochordata (Tunicate)

Notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; post-anal tail; pharyngeal slits or clefts

Angiosperms have two key adaptations: flowers and fruit. A flower is a specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves called flower organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

For fruits, as seeds develop, the ovary wall thickens and the ovary matures into a fruit. Fruits protect seeds and aid in their dispersal.

Species such as the feather moss Pleurozium harbor nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria that increase the availability of nitrogen in the ecosystem.

Most are evergreens, meaning they do not shed their leaves in the winter. They have both male and female cones, which form needle-like structures.

Can be recognized like a palm tree. They bear large cones rather than fruits. Their leaves are quite large compared to the stem and grow out in a rosette around the stem

Have leaves that are fan-shaped and double-lobbed, with two branched-out veins. Their leaves grow in clusters, resembling the maidenhair fern. The leaves also have stomata only on the lower surface

Liverworts, are named for their liver-shaped gametophytes. They are small plants because they lack vein-like tubes to conduct moisture and nutrients. They have leaflike structures that lack vascular tissue.

Named after the ascus, a sac-shaped structure that contains ascospores and also small asexual spores called conidia.

The club-like shape of the basidium (a cell in which karyogamy occurs, followed immediately by meiosis) gives rise to the common name club fungus.

This fungi lack cross-walls (septa) in their hyphae, which can be observed under a microscope. They often form fluffy, cotton-like colonies on agar plates in laboratory settings.

Named for the bony rays that support their fins

One reason they require relatively wet habitats is that they rely heavily on their moist skin for gas exchange; if their skin dries out, they cannot get enough oxygen. They have moist, smooth skin with glands that keep it lubricated.

The taxon name means “little rings,” referring to the body’s resemblance to a series of fused rings. They have long, cylindrical bodies that are divided into segments by visible rings.

Class of invertebrate with eight legs and two body segments. They have a small, rounded body and long, thin legs. They also have six pairs of appendages.

Lack a urinary bladder, and the females of most species have only one ovary. Living ones are also toothless. These adaptations facilitate flight by including weight-saving modifications that make flying more efficient.

They have a shell divided into two halves. The halves are hinged, and powerful adductor muscles draw them tightly together to protect the animal’s soft body.

This phylum is called lancelets, which get their name from their bladelike shape. As larvae, lancelets develop the four chordate characteristics.

The only molluscs with a closed circulatory system, in which the blood remains separate from fluid in the body cavity.

The taxon name means “cartilage fish.” They have a skeleton predominantly composed of cartilage, though often impregnated with calcium. They have a ventral mouth and a flexible skeleton made of cartilage instead of bone.

The basic body plan of this animal is a sac with a central digestive compartment, the gastrovascular cavity. A single opening in this cavity functions as both a mouth and an anus.

They are the only arthropods with two pairs of antennae. Three or more pairs of appendages are modified as mouthparts, including the hard mandibles. Walking legs are present on the thorax. They also have appendages on their post-genital region, or “tail.”

Have eight “combs” of cilia that propel them through the water

Have a coelom, a thin epidermis that covers an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates, and most species are prickly from skeletal bumps and spines.

They also have a water vascular system, which is a network of hydraulic canals branching into extensions called “tube feet.”

They have a shell that is secreted by glands at the edge of the mantle. They also obtain tentacles and a large foot with a flat sole for crawling.

The body has three regions: the head, thorax, and post-genital region. The segments that form the head are fused. They have six legs, except for some immature forms like caterpillars. They also have one pair of antennae on their heads.

They are named for their distinctive mammary glands, which produce milk for offspring.

Known as hagfishes. Jawless vertebrates that have highly reduced vertebrae and a skull that is made of cartilage. They have a small brain, eyes, ears, and a nasal opening that connects with the pharynx. Their mouths contain tooth-like formations made of the protein keratin.

The body is covered by a tough cuticle (a type of exoskeleton); as the [round] worm grows, it periodically sheds its old cuticle and secretes a new, larger one. They also have an alimentary canal, though they lack a circulatory system.

The skeleton of lampreys is made of cartilage. Unlike the cartilage in most vertebrae, lamprey cartilage contains no collagen. Lampreys have a flexible sheath around their rod-like notochord.

The taxon name means “flat worm.” They have thin bodies that are flattened on both the ventral and dorsal sides.

They lack a body cavity. Their flat shape increases their surface area, placing all their cells close to water in the surrounding environment or in their gut.

They lack tissues, groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit, as in muscle tissue and nervous tissue. The body of a sponge consists of two layers of cells separated by a gelatinous region called the mesohyl.

Have tough, scaly skin (scales that contain keratin) that protects them from predators and reduces water loss. They also shed the outer layer of their skin as they grow.

Also named as tunicates. They are built like a barrel with two openings, or siphons, projecting from each other (excurrent siphon and incurrent siphon).

Autotroph

Angiosperms, serve as major sources of food and consumer goods, such as building materials, textile fibers, spices and herbs, and medicine.

Autotroph

Captures and/or stores carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. It’s goal is to reduce global warming.

They colonize sterile soils absorb nutrients and water and releases them slowly back into the ecosystem, contributing to the formation of soil for new plants to grow on.

Autotrophs

Store carbon to slow climate change (like bryophytes). They also provide forest products, including lumber and firewood. Their main role is providing a wildlife habitat. They create opportunities for recreation, including hunting, bird-watching, hiking, and horseback riding.

Autotroph

Used for food and medicine. Starch is also obtained from this phylum

Autotroph

Known to resist air pollution and pests, so it is used as a street tree and also because of its beautiful foliage (leaves turning yellow in the fall).

Autotroph

Form microhabitats for insects and entire microorganisms.

Their greatest impact is indirect, including the reduction of erosion along streambanks, the collection and retention of water in tropical forests, and the formation of soil crusts in deserts and polar regions.

Heterotroph

Are important decomposers, breaking down organic materials, such as dead leaves and animals, and helping the detritivores (animals that feed on decomposing material) to obtain their nutrients.

Heterotroph

Are decomposers. They decompose and recycle. They absorb nutrients by feeding on decaying matter, and play a significant role in the carbon and nutrient cycles.

Heterotroph

Are primary decomposers of organic matter in soil. These fungi are found as filamentous molds, decomposers in soil or on plants, or as root symbionts.

They appear to aid in plant growth, plant stress resilience, and soil health.

Heterotroph

Ray-finned fishes serve as a major source of protein for humans. They also control prey populations and play a fundamental role in food chains.

Heterotroph

They eat insect pests, which is beneficial to agriculture and they help control mosquitoes, which benefits human health.

They play a dual role as both prey and predators and act as a food source for higher-order chordates like snakes, birds, and mammals.

Heterotroph

Serve as decomposers. They break down organic material, which contributes to nutrient cycling and ecosystem health. They also serve as a food source for other invertebrates and fish.

Heterotroph

Like spiders, they help control insect populations. They eat harmful insects like flies and cockroaches, which can destroy crops. They can also enrich soil with nutrients. They are food sources for other chordates like birds, lizards, etc.

Heterotroph

They play many roles, including predators, pollinators, scavengers, seed dispersers, seed predators, and pest control.

Heterotroph

Filter water and serve as habitat and prey for variety of sea life

Heterotroph

Lancelets are known to be filter feeders, meaning they feed on plankton and other small organic particles by filtering them out of the water. By doing so, they help regulate the population sizes of planktonic organisms.

Heterotroph

They are great sources of food for humans and even marine life. They are a key component of food webs, providing a major prey source for fish, including tuna and salmon, cetaceans like dolphins, sea lions, and whales, and a variety of sea birds.