Energy systems

The usual form of carbs that humans use

the storage form of carbs that can be broken down

4.1 kcal/g, stored as glycogen in the muscle and liver, the body's preferred fuel during moderate/vigorous exercise, breaks down easily and uses little oxygen, comes from plant-based foods

4.3 kcal/g, stored as muscle and amino acids around the body, 5-10% contribution to endurance events, used for growth and repair

9.3 kcal/g

a highly complex process by which energy is supplied to the body and energy-rich materials are assimilated by the body for the purpose of ATP synthesis

the metabloic process of ATP regeneration, where ADP + P produce ATP, comes from carbs, fats proteins, and phosphcreatine

a metabolic process of aerobic energy production where pyruvic acid is metabolized, as are other fuel sources including glucose, fat, and protein

where the resynthesis of ATP by the aerobic system takes place

the exercise intensity at which lactic acid begins to accumulate within the blood

without the use of oxygen, can supply energy of ATP synthesis very quickly, major energy systems ultilized during high-intensity exercise

In the presence of oxygen, supplies energy for ATP synthesis at a much slower rate, predominate supplier of ATP during endurance events (slower rate of use, greater total use)

PC+ADP →ATP + Creatine

C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2P →2C3H6O3 + 2ATP + 2H2O

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 36ADP + 36P →6CO2 + 6H2O+ 36ATP

stored in the muscles and breaks down anaerobically to form phospate and creatine. this releases energy for the resynthesis of ATP

-anerobic -relies on the action of stored ATP and PC -lasts 10-15 secs -provides highest rate of ATP synthesis -no by product

high-intensity exercise -sprints, throws, lifts, and jumps -takes about 5-10 seconds

-anaerobic -1-3 mins of high level performance -involves 11 seperate reactions -uses glucose and glycogen to make ATP -yields 2 ATP -by product is lactic acid

a watse product of the glycolysis pathway, converted from pyruvic acid in the absense of O2, impedes the breakdown of glucose and decreases the ability of muscles to contract, associated with burning in the muscles

lactcic acid is taken to the liver to be metabolized back into pyruvic acid and then glucose

-400m/800m run, 100/200m swim, hockey shift

-3 stages are glycosis, krebs cycle and electron transport chain

• uses glucose, glycogen, fats, and protein to make ATP -lasts >2-3 mins -oxidative phosphorylation -slowest system, most energy produced (most efficient)

-endurance events (low intensity) -walking, jogging, long swims

-breaks down glucose which produces pyruvic acid -yields 2 ATP -In the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid is converted to Acetyl CoA

-instant energy production -o2 not required

-limited stored ATP and PC

-supports high intensity movements -o2 not required

-only glucose can be used -lactic acid is profuced

-Significant quantities of ATP production -Long duration -Usage of a variety of fuel sources -Can also help to remove lactic acid

-sub-max intensity -cardio-respiratory -o2 required