AP EURO: PERIOD 4 VOCAB

The alliance of Austria, Germany, and Italy. Italy left the alliance when war broke out in 1914 on the grounds that Austria had launched a war of aggression.

The alliance of Great Britain, France, and Russia prior to and during the First World War.

Failed German plan calling for a lightning attack through neutral Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia.

A war in which distinctions between the soldiers on the battlefield and civilians at home are blurred, and where the government plans and controls economic and social life in order to supply the armies at the front with supplies and weapons.

A type of fighting used in World War I behind rows of trenches, mines, and barbed wire; the cost in lives was staggering and the gains in territory minimal.

Unplanned uprisings accompanied by violent street demonstrations begun in March 1917 (old calendar February) in Petrograd, Russia, that led to the abdication of the tsar and the establishment of a provisional government.

A huge, fluctuating mass meeting of two to three thousand workers, soldiers, and socialist intellectuals modeled on the revolutionary soviets of 1905.

Lenin's radical, revolutionary arm of the Russian party of Marxist socialism, which successfully installed a dictatorial socialist regime in Russia.

Peace treaty signed in March 1918 between the Central Powers and Russia that ended Russian participation in World War I and ceded Russian territories containing a third of the Russian empire's population to the Central Powers.

The application of centralized state control during the Russian civil war, in which the Bolsheviks seized grain from peasants, introduced rationing, nationalized all banks and industry, and required everyone to work.

The 1919 peace settlement that ended war between Germany and the Allied powers.

Wilson's 1918 peace proposal calling for open diplomacy, a reduction in armaments, freedom of commerce and trade, the establishment of the League of Nations, and national self-determination

A permanent international organization, established during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, designed to protect member states from aggression and avert future wars.

The notion that peoples should be able to choose their own national governments through democratic majority-rule elections and live free from outside interference in nation-states with clearly defined borders.

An article in the Treaty of Versailles that declared that Germany (with Austria) was solely responsible for the war and had to pay reparations equal to all civilian damages caused by the fighting.

The plan to allow Britain and France to administer former Ottoman territories, put into place after the end of the First World War.

A 1917 British statement that declared British support of a National Home for the Jewish People in Palestine.

A philosophy that sees meaning in only those beliefs that can be empirically proven, and that therefore rejects most of the concerns of traditional philosophy, from the existence of God to the meaning of happiness, as nonsense.

A philosophy that stresses the meaninglessness of existence and the importance of the individual in searching for moral values in an uncertain world.

Albert Einstein's theory that time and space are relative to the observer and that only the speed of light remains constant

Freudian terms to describe the three parts of the self and the basis of human behavior, which Freud saw as basically irrational

A label given to the artistic and cultural movements of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which were typified by radical experimentation that challenged traditional forms of artistic expression.

The principle that buildings, like industrial products, should serve as well as possible the purpose for which they were made, without excessive ornamentation.

A German interdisciplinary school of fine and applied arts that brought together many leading modern architects, designers, and theatrical innovators.

An artistic movement of the 1920s and 1930s that attacked all accepted standards of art and behavior and delighted in outrageous conduct.

A literary technique, found in works by Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, and others, that uses interior monologue — a character's thoughts and feelings as they occur — to explore the human psyche.

Somewhat stereotypical image of the modern and independent working woman popular in the 1920s.

War reparations agreement that reduced Germany's yearly payments, made payment dependent on economic prosperity, and granted large U.S. loans to promote recovery.

A worldwide economic depression from 1929 through 1939, unique in its severity and duration and with slow and uneven recovery.

A short-lived New Deal-inspired alliance in France led by Leon Blum that encouraged the union movement and launched a far-reaching program of social reform

A radical dictatorship that exercises "total claims" over the beliefs and behavior of its citizens by taking control of the economic, social, intellectual, and cultural aspects of society.

A movement characterized by extreme, often expansionist nationalism, anti-socialism, a dynamic and violent leader, and glorification of war and the military.

A pseudoscientific doctrine that maintains that the selective breeding of human beings can improve the general characteristics of a national population, which helped inspire Nazi ideas about "race and space" and ultimately contributed to the Holocaust.

A plan launched by Stalin in 1928, and termed the "revolution from above," aimed at modernizing the Soviet Union and creating a new Communist society with new attitudes, new loyalties, and a new socialist humanity.

Lenin's 1921 policy to re-establish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration

The forcible consolidation of individual peasant farms into large state-controlled enterprises in the Soviet Union under Stalin.

The better-off peasants who were stripped of land and livestock under Stalin and were generally not permitted to join collective farms; many of them starved or were deported to forced-labor camps for "re-education."

Mussolini's private militia that destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist Party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialists out of the city governments of northern Italy.

A 1929 agreement that recognized the Vatican as an independent state, with Mussolini agreeing to give the church heavy financial support in return for public support from the pope.

A movement and political party driven by extreme nationalism and racism, led by Adolf Hitler; its adherents ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945 and forced Europe into World War II.

An act pushed through the Reichstag by the Nazis that gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for four years.

The British policy toward Germany prior to World War II that aimed at granting Hitler whatever he wanted, including western Czechoslovakia, in order to avoid war.

Hitler's program based on racial imperialism, which gave preferential treatment to the Nordic peoples; the French, an "inferior" Latin people, occupied a middle position, and Slavs and Jews were treated harshly as "subhumans."

The systematic effort of the Nazi state to exterminate all European Jews and other groups deemed racially inferior during the Second World War.

The rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States that divided much of Europe into a Soviet-aligned Communist bloc and a U.S.-aligned capitalist bloc between 1945 and 1989.

Postwar refugees, including 13 million Germans, former Nazi prisoners and forced laborers, and orphaned children.

America's policy geared to containing communism to those countries already under Soviet control

American plan for providing economic aid to western Europe to help it rebuild

An economic organization of Communist states meant to help rebuild East Bloc countries under Soviet auspices.

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, an anti-Soviet military alliance of Western governments.

Soviet-backed military alliance of East Bloc Communist countries in Europe

Term contemporaries used to describe rapid economic growth, often based on the consumer sector, in post-World War II western Europe.

Center-right political parties that rose to power in western Europe after the Second World War.

The European Economic Community, created by six western and central European countries in the West Bloc in 1957 as part of a larger search for European unity.

Artistic movement that followed the dictates of Communist ideals, enforced by state control in the Soviet Union and East Bloc countries in the 1950s and 1960s.

The liberalization of the post-Stalin Soviet Union led by reformer Nikita Khrushchev.

The postwar reversal of Europe's overseas expansion caused by the rising demand of the colonized peoples themselves, the declining power of European nations, and the freedoms promised by U.S. and Soviet ideals.

Policy of postcolonial governments to remain neutral in the Cold War and play both the United States and the Soviet Union for what they could get.

A postcolonial system that perpetuates Western economic exploitation in former colonial territories.

Government-run programs in western Europe designed to recruit labor for the booming postwar economy.

The postwar movement of people from former colonies and the developing world into Europe.

German for "Eastern policy"; West Germany's attempt in the 1970s to ease diplomatic tensions with East Germany, exemplifying the policies of détente.

The progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions that emerged in the early 1970s

A meeting of Catholic leaders convened from 1962 to 1965 that initiated a number of reforms, including the replacement of Latin with local languages in church services, designed to democratize the church and renew its appeal.

A 1960s counterculture movement that embraced updated forms of Marxism to challenge both Western capitalism and Soviet-style communism.

Doctrine created by Leonid Brezhnev that held that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any East Bloc country when necessary to preserve Communist rule.

The Arab-led Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Term coined in the early 1980s to describe the combination of low growth and high inflation that led to a worldwide recession.

A society that relies on high-tech and service-oriented jobs for economic growth rather than heavy industry and manufacturing jobs.

Philosophy of 1980s conservatives who argued for privatization of state-run industries and decreased government spending on social services.

the sale of state-managed industries such as transportation and communication networks to private owners, a key policy of neoliberalism meant to control government spending, increase private profits, and foster economic growth, which was implemented in western europe in response to the economic crises of the 1970s.

A term used by Communist leaders to describe the socialist accomplishments of their societies, such as nationalized industry, collective agriculture, and extensive social welfare programs.

Independent Polish trade union that worked for workers' rights and political reform throughout the 1980s.

Economic restructuring and reform implemented by Premier Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union in 1985.

Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev's popular campaign for openness in government and the media

The term given to the relatively peaceful overthrow of communism in Czechoslovakia; the label came to signify the collapse of the East Bloc in general in 1989 to 1990.

German term referring to nostalgia for the lifestyles and culture of the vanished East Bloc

The attempt to establish ethnically homogeneous territories by intimidation, forced deportation, and killing.

Military organization formed in 1998 by Kosovar militants who sought independence from Serbia

The emergence of a freer, more technologically connected global economy, accompanied by a worldwide exchange of cultural, political, and religious ideas.

The economic, cultural, and political alliance of twenty-seven European nations.

The basis for the formation of the European Union, which set financial and cultural standards for potential member states and defined criteria for membership in the monetary union.

A powerful supranational financial institution that sets trade and tariff agreements for over 150 member countries and so helps manage a large percentage of the world's import-export policies. Like the IMF and the World Bank, the WTO promotes neoliberal policies around the world.

Independent organizations with specific agendas, such as humanitarian aid or environmental protection, that conduct international programs and activities.

Enclaves of ethnic groups settled outside of their homelands.

The mixing of ethnic styles in daily life and in cultural works such as film, music, art, and literature.

American policy under President George W. Bush to fight global terrorism in all its forms.

Islamic social and political reform group founded in Egypt in 1928 that called for national liberation from European control and a return to shari'a law (based on Muslim legal codes), and demanded land reform, extensive social welfare programs, and economic independence.

A series of popular revolts in several countries in the Middle East and North Africa that sought an end to authoritarian, often Western-supported regimes.

Changes in long-standing weather patterns caused primarily by carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels.