Marked Questions

1 - Law of Orbits:

Each planet moves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit with the Sun at one of the foci

2 - Law of area:

The radial vector sweeps equal areas in equal intervals of time

3 - Law of Period:

The ratio of the square of the time period of a planet to the cubic power of semi major axis is constant for all the planets in the solar system

1 - Law of Orbits:

Each planet moves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit with the Sun at one of the foci

2 - Law of area:

The radial vector sweeps equal areas in equal intervals of time

3 - Law of Period:

The ratio of the square of the time period of a planet to the cubic power of semi major axis is constant for all the planets in the solar system

the gravitational force between two masses is

• directly proportional to product of masses

• inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the masses

If a body does not regain it's original shape and size after removal of the deforming force it is called plastic, with plasticity being the property

If the pressure in a liquid is changed at a particular point, the change is transmitted to the entire liquid without being diminished in magnitude

Ex: Hydraulic lift

The property of a fluid to oppose the relative motion between its layers

(Friction acting between layers of liquid causing objects to slow down)

The upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object in a fluid

AKA “Upthrust” or “buoyant force”

A body will float in a liquid if the wright of a liquid displaced by the immersed part of the body equals the weight of the body

Each particle of a liquid passing through a point moves along the same path with the same velocity as its predecessor

Maximum constant velocity acquired by a body while falling freely through a viscous medium

Force acting between molecules

Force between like molecules holding the liquid together

Ex: Mercury

Liquid in contact with a solid

Ex: Water and glass, ink and paper

The force per unit length acting perpendicular to the imaginary line drawn on the liquids surface that tends to pull along the line

Ex: Needle on cup of water

Ex: Brush inside water is spread out, pulled together when outside

1. Contamination/impurities

2. Dissolved substances

3. Electrification

4. Temperature

The angle between the tangent to the liquid surface at the point of contact and the solid surface inside the liquid

Rise or fall of a liquid in a narrow tube

Absorption of ink by blotting paper

Oil rises in the cotton in an earthen lamp

Sap rises form roots of a plant to its roots and branches

the total amount of heat radiated per second per unit area of a black body is directly proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature

The wavelength of maximum intensity of emission of a black body radiation is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature of the black body

All bodies emit thermal radiation at all temperatures above absolute zero irrespective of the nature of the surroundings

A collection of large numbers of particles (atoms and molecules) specified by certain parameters

Parameters:

Pressure (P)

Volume (V)

Temperature (T)

At the same temperature which will not change over time

If two systems, A and B, are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, C, than A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other

Change in internal energy of the system is equal to the heat supplied to the system minus the work done by the system on the surroundings

Amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one kg of a substance by 1K or 1C by keeping the pressure constant

The temperature remains constant but the pressure and volume of a thermodynamic system will change

Pressure, volume, temperature may change

Pressure is constant

Temperature, volume, internal energy is not

If it’s possible to retrace the path in the opposite direction and have it pass through the same states as the initial, direct process

1. Process should have extremely slow rate

2. Remain in mechanical, thermal, and chemical equilibrium at all times with the surroundings

3. No dissipative forces (friction, viscosity, electrical resistance) should be present

All natural processes

Hot Reservoir

• supplies heat

Working substance

• converts heat supplied into work

• gas or water

Cold Reservoir/Sink

• absorbs heat

Measure of disorder

1. All molecules of a gas are identical, elastic spheres

2. Molecules of different gases are different

3. Number of molecules in a gas is very large and average separation between them is larger than size of the gas molecules

4. Molecules are in a state of continuous random motion

5. Molecules collide with each other and walls of the container

6. Collisions are perfectly elastic - no loss of kinetic energy

7. Between collisions, molecules move with uniform velocity

8. Molecules do not exert any force of attraction/repulsion on each other except during collision

   Do not have any potential energy, energy is wholly kinetic

9. Collisions are instantaneous

10. Obey Newton’s Law’s of Motion even though they move randomly

Vibrates with frequency equal to the natural frequency of the oscillator

Ex:

• vibration of a tuning fork

• oscillation of a simple pendulum

If oscillator moves in a resistive medium, amplitude goes on decreasing and the energy of the oscillator is used to do work against resistive medium

Energy is supplied by an external source, so the amplitude of the oscillation can be made constant

Oscillator driven by an external periodic agency to overcome damping

Frequency of external periodic force (driving force) matches with the natural frequency of vibrating body so the oscillating body’s amplitude increases at each step and ends up with a large amplitude

The disturbance which carries energy and momentum from one point in space to another point in space without the transfer of the medium

• for the propagation of waves, the medium must have both inertia and elasticity which decided velocity of the wave in that medium

• in a given medium, the velocity of a wave is constant wheras the constituent particles in that medium move with different velocities at different positions

  Velocity is maximum at their mean position and zero at extreme positions

• waves undergo reflections, refractions, interference, diffraction, and polarization

Mechanical Wave - require a medium

Ex: sound waves, ripples on water

Non mechanical Wave - do not require any medium

Ex: Light waves, infra red waves

1. Particles in the medium vibrate about their mean position with the same amplitude

2. Phase of every particle ranges from 0 to 2π

3. No particle remains at rest permanently. During propagation, come to rest position only twice at the extreme points (π and 2π)

4. Transverse progressive waves are characterized by crests and troughs. Longitudinal waves are characterized by compressions and rarefactions

5. When the particles pass through the mean position they always move with the same maximum velocity

6. Displacement, velocity, acceleration of particles separated from each other by nλ

   Where:

   n = integer

   λ = wavelength

Waves in a pattern