Chapter 9 Vocab - Agriculture

The process that began when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

An increase in agricultural activity through the improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock beginning in the UK in the seventeenth century; the development of improved sanitation, storage, and fertilization techniques, allowing for greater food output; coincided with the Industrial Revolution in England and a higher population growth rate

Also known as the Green Revolution, started in Mexico to increase wheat production and led to the creation of miracle seeds, new fertilizers, pesticides, and GMOs

The rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially high-yield seeds and fertilizers; also known as the Third Agricultural Revolution

Any economic activity pertaining to the collecting, harvesting, and obtaining of raw materials; extraction from Earth (growing chickens, planting soybeans, oil drilling, lumberjack, mining, fishing)

Any economic activity pertaining to the manufacturing of useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials (slaughter, packaging, polishing minerals, making plywood)

Any economic activity pertaining to the provision of services (transportation, banking, retailing, education, marketing, stocking stores, teachers, truck drivers, hairdressers)

Any economic activity pertaining to the collection, processing, and manipulation of information, capital, and culture; evaluation and decision-making (finance, government, insurance, legal services, scientist, urban planner)

High education and high decision-making power (high level in gov. or business, president)

The providing of food for direct consumption by the farmer and farmer's family

A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land

The planting of different crops each year to replenish the soil's nutrients that were lost to a previous crop and avoids exhausting the soil (Subsistence)

The moving of farm fields after several years in search of more productive soil after depleting the previous one (Subsistence)

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals (Subsistence)

The farming of products for sale off the farm

Relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegetables, and other horticulture crops (Commercial)

Gardening and fruit farming, so titled because the name came from a Middle English word meaning "bartering" (Commercial)

Agriculture performed on a large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country (Commercial)

A form of commercial agriculture that specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products (Commercial Intensive)

Livestock graze over an extensive area (Commercial)

The integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans (Commercial)

A method of oil cultivation that reduces soil erosion and run-off

The practice of growing the same single crop every year

A farming practice that leaves all of the soul undisturbed and the entire residue of the previous year’s harvest left untouched on the fields

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures

The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions

Plants grown without green technology

Organisms whose genetic material has been modified for increased agricultural output

A chemical to control unwanted plants

The Malay word for wet rice, increasingly used to describe a flooded field

A substance to control pests, including weeds

A field deliberately flooded for growing rice

Rice planted on dry land in a nursery, then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth

Crops like tobacco that are grown for profit but are not necessarily needed by a population

A yield of a plant that is grown in abundance to be harvested as food, fodder, fuel, or commercial sale

A crop that is grown for sale rather than the farmer’s own use (tobacco)

A grass with starchy grains, which are used in many different foods

Uses longitude, latitude, baselines, grids, and cardinal directions

idk

Narrow parcels by transportation

Short distances from key features

Commercial agriculture is characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations; a term referring to every business involved in commercial farming in one - farms, factories, suppliers, ad agencies, processing, etc

The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic growth; the raising of animals or the growing of crops on tended land to obtain food for primary consumption by a farmer's family or for sale off the farm

The extreme deterioration of land in arid/semiarid regions due to loss of vegetation and soil moisture, excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting

The amount of food that an individual consumes, measured in kilocalories

Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers

The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied

Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity