bio genetics until 11

A sequence of DNA that codes for a protein that determines a trait

a form of a gene

The trait that is always exhibited when the allele is present

The trait that is only exhibited when the dominant allele is NOT present

A reproductive cell→ sperm and eggs(haploid)

• A cell with one copy of each chromosome

• A cell with two copies of each chromosome

Maternal and paternal copy of the same chromosome → only in diploid cells

Identical copies of the same chromosome in duplicated chromosomes

Diploid cell created when sperm and egg combine→ blueprint for the new organism

the set of genes in a trait (hh)

the physical trait

2 sets of the same allele

2 different alleles

same gene pairs ( only homozygous)

different gene pairs ( heterozygous)

simple punnet square

mega punnet square

when two different phenotypes combine into one ( red + white = pink)

when both phenotypes from parent are present ( red + blue = blue and red stripes)

characteristics o traits that are criied on sex chromosomes (X)

picture of chromosomes in body

1 copies of each chromosome;  a person is missing one chromosome in the pair

3 copies of each chromosomes (xxy or xxx)

trisomy in chromosome 21, normally has a low IQ, shorter flattened face, small hands and feet

Extra X chromosome in males (xxy), harder to spot in children, devlop breast, less facial and body hair, cannot have children.

trisomy in X chromosome, some people never realise they have it, taller than average, learning disability, behavioral issues, delayed speech development, seizures, weakened muscle tone.

when a allele is heterozygous the dominant allele will show instead of both ( dominant always overpowers)

When gametes are formed, each allele of one parent segregates randomly into the gametes,

the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes randomly (shown in di-hybrid crosses)

traits controlled by multiple genes (hair color, eye color)

When three or more alleles control a trait (blood type)

Multiple alleles refer to a series of three or more alternative forms of a gene and A polygenic trait is a trait controlled by a group of non-allelic genes.

A diagram of family history that uses standardized symbols.

• doesn’t skip a generation

• if one offspring has a trait one parents must have it

• males and female affected equally

• unaffected parents wont have affected kids

• traits can skip a generation

• unaffected parents can have affected child

• two affected parents always have affected child

• males and females are affected equally

• females are more affected than males

• does not skip a generation

• affected male must have affected mother

• affected males must pass traits on to daughter

• affected daughter must have affected parents

• carried on x chromosome

• more males affected than females

• traits can skip a generation

• affected sons typically have unaffected mother

• daughters have trait only if father is affected

• trait cannot go from father to son

Mitosis produces two genetically identical “daughter” cells from a single “parent” cell, whereas meiosis produces cells that are genetically unique from the parent and contain only half as much DNA.

one parent cell divides into two daughter cells

the sister chromatids separate forming four new haploid gametes, each with one copy of each chromosome.

to produce gametes, or sex cells

multicellular plants and animals