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A correlational study found that people who ate more wild salmon from fish farms had lower cholesterol. From this study, we can conclude that ___________.
we do not yet know whether it's the wild salmon causing the reduction in cholesterol
Sometimes, a participant's beliefs and expectations actually cause a measurable change, even when they do not receive an actual drug, treatment, or procedure. This phenomenon is referred to as _________.
Placebo effect
We conduct a study where participants complete a depression scale and a sleep survey. On the depression scale, higher scores indicated more depressive symptoms. We then take the depression scores and correlate them with the average number of hours participants slept per night. Which of the following correlation coefficients supports the hypothesis that depression is strongly associated with sleeping less?
-0.75
Dr. Bob's research involves observing the behavior of children at a playground. He records how many times children of different genders use the various types of playground equipment. Which research method is he using?
Naturalistic Observation
Dr. Bob conducts a correlational study and finds a +.88 correlation between ice cream consumption and course grades. What can Dr. Bob appropriately conclude regarding these two variables?
Eating ice cream and good grades are strongly related.
Dr. Bob hypothesizes that aerobic exercise improves memory in older adults. Which study listed below would be the best way to show that exercise causes a change in memory?
experiment
Researchers told elementary school teachers that a few of their students were on the verge of an academic "blooming" that year. In reality, the so-called “blooming” children were just chosen at random. At the end of the year, the so-called “bloomers” outperformed their peers—not because they were actually superior to their peers, but because their teachers had inadvertently given them more attention throughout the year. In this study, the INDEPENDENT variable was _________.
The researchers’ categorization of students as “bloomers” or “non-bloomers”
In a study on the effects of alcohol consumption on behavior, one group of participants consumes alcohol while the other consumes a non-alcoholic beverage. The researcher measures how quickly participants in each group are able to press a button after a red light appears. The participants who consumed the non-alcoholic beverage are the ______________.
control group
Which of the following does NOT demonstrate critical thinking:
Relying on gut feelings and instinct to make a decision
Which of the following is a weakness of a case study?
generalization is limited
Base answers off
critical thinking
confirmation bias
tendency to remember things that support your beliefs rather than bring them down
case study
in depth analysis of the behavior of one person or a small group of people
Naturalistic Observation
a study of an organism in a natural setting
surveys
a group of participants are asked the same question
correlation
how strongly two factors vary together
positive correlation
data for both variables go in the same direction
negative correlation
data travels in opposite directions
“As ice cream sales go up, drowning rates increase.”
positive correlation
“Kids who play violent video games tend to show more violent behavior.”
Negative correlation
modeling
kids who take after the actions of their parents
Correlation is not
cause and effect
"As an adult, the smaller hands, the longer you are likely to live."
Negative correlation
"The more someone does aerobic exercise, the less body fat they are likely to have."
Negative correlation
(0.1- +0.1)
positive correlation
(-1.0- -0.1)
negative correlation
Experiment
One variable is manipulated by the experiment
Independent variable
variable that is manipulated
Dependent variable
the variable affected by the independent variable
Experimental group
the group exposed to the altered independent variable
control group
group exposed to the regular independent variable
The scientific method
make an observation
ask a question
form a hypothesis
conduct an experiment
accept or reject hypothesis
Scientists can never prove…
their results
reliability
how consistent the measure is
validity
how accurately the measures evaluates what it is supposed to evaluate
descriptive statistics
finding the meaningful patterns in the data
Mean
average
median
middle
mode
most common
bell curve
a graphical description of a normal probability distribution
Placebo
something that appears real but has no effect
single blind
control groups are blind to the experiment
double blind
both researchers and control groups are blind
objectivity
process of basing conclusions on facts, without personal bias
critical thinking
ability to think clearly, rationally, and independently
peer review
the process of having other experts examine research prior to piublication
theory
a set of facts and relationships between facts that can explain and predict related phenomea
hypothesis
a proposed solution to a problem
replication
repeating an experiment
descriptive method
research method designed for making careful, systematic observations
sample
a subset of a population being studied
population
the entire group from which a sample is taken
random assignment
each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any group
confounding variable
variables that are irrelevant to the hypothesis being tested but can alter a researcher’s conclusions
operationalization
defining variables in ways that allow them to be measured
meta-analysis
a statistical analysis of many previous experiments on a single topic
publication bias
possibility that published studies are not all work done on a phenomenon
cross-sectional study
experimental design for accessing age -related changes in which data are obtained simultaneously from people of different ages
longitudinal study
an experimental design for accessing age-related changes in which data are obtained from the same individuals at intervals over a long period of time
mixed longitudinal study
a method for accessing age-related changes that combines cross section and longitudinal approaches
standard deviation
a measure of how tightly clustered around the mean a group of scores is
nature
the result of genetics
nurture
the result of experience
chromosomes
long sections of DNA
DNA
a molecule of biological instructions to build a living organism; a single species
gene
a small segment of your DNA that produces a single protein
Allele
one particular version of a gene
punnet square
a table where all possible outcomes for a genetic cross between two individuals are given
genotype
a genetic code of alleles for an individual person
Phenotype
observable characteristics
relatedness
the probability that two people share the same allele from a common ancestor
concordance rates
the statistical probability that a trait in one person will be shared by another person
behavioral genetics
attempts to identify and understand links between genetics and behavior
heritability
the statistical likelihood that variations in a population are due to genetics
epigenetics
the study of gene - environment integrations
homozygus
having two of the same alleles for a gene
heterozygus
having two different alleles for an gene
recessive
phenotype only in the homozygous condition
dominant
phenotype in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition
evolution
descent with modification from a common ancestor
natural selection
organisms more fit to their environment are more likely to survive
mutation
an error that occurs when DNA is replicated
genetic drift
change in a populations genes from a generation because of accident
Note
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