Tags & Description
Schizophrenia
Mental disorder characterized by dissociative thinking, delusions, hallucinations, and other bizarre behaviors
1, 1/3
Schizophrenia affects _% of people worldwide, __ of homeless affected
Positive Symptoms
Abnormal behaviors gained with schizophrenia (i.e. hallucinations, delusions, disordered thinking, excited motor behavior)
Negative Symptoms
Loss of normal function with schizophrenia (i.e. flat affect, anhedonia, weak social relationships, reduced motivation, alogia (decreased speech)
Cognitive Symptoms
Deficits in attention, learning, memory, rational problem solving, motor
DISC1
Rare gene mutation increasing schizophrenia risk
Older Fathers
Increased risk to have schizophrenic child due to sperm mutations or epigenetics
Changes
Uterine development ___ risk of identical twins
Monochorionic
Same placentas, similar toxin exposure // 60% risk for second twin
Dichorionic
Different placentas, different toxin exposure // 10% risk for second twin
Seasonality Effect
Increased incidence in people born during late Winter and early Spring
Influenza
Exposure to viruses or ___ interfere with developing fetus
Large Cities
Increase incidence per population unit than rural areas // increased exposure to viruses, pollutants, stress (risk factor)
Prenatal Malnutrition
Lower birth weight/motor issue (risk factor)
Complications
Mother with diabetes, Rh-factor incompatibility, preeclampsia demonstrate ___ during pregnancy (risk factor)
Substance Abuse
Tobacco during pregnancy (risk factor)
Early behavioral anomalies
Abnormal motor movements as child, higher negative affect, less sociability
Negative, cognitive, positive
Timeline for symptom development (1) ___ --> (2) ___ --> (3) ___
Hypofrontality
Gray matter loss to frontal lobe, enlargened ventricles
Wisconsin Card Sorting Task
Frontal cortex less active during cognitive tasks involving accuracy
Faster
Loss of gray matter is ___ with age
Helps
DA antagonist ___ mesolimbic pathway
Hurts
DA antagonist __ mesocortical pathway
Mesolimbic Pathway
VTA release of dopamine to Nucleus accumbens is OVERACTIVE
Positive
Overactive mesolimbic pathway is thought to underlie ___ symptoms
Dopamine Hypothesis
Increased dopamine activity is positively correlated with positive schizophrenic symptoms
Dopamine Antagonists
Eliminate positive symptoms (i.e. antipsychotics)
Dopamine Agonists
Produce positive symptoms (i.e. Amphetamine, cocaine, etc)
More
Schizophrenics have ___ dopamine receptors
Tardive Dyskinesia
Excessive movement in which DA receptors become supersensitive --> 1/3 of patients have this as a permanent side-effect
Mesocortical Pathway
VTA release of dopamine to Prefrontal cortex is UNDERREACTIVE
Negative and Cognitive
Hypofrontality of mesocortical pathway is thought to underlie ___ ___ ___ symptoms
All
DA overactivity fails to account for all schizophrenic symptoms (i.e. negative and cognitive)
Reverse, worse
DA receptor blockers fail to ___ cognitive or negative symptoms, thus making these ___
Glutamate Hypothesis
Underactive NMDA receptors on VTA neurons and a decrease in glutamate in cerebrospinal fluid
Glu Antagonists
Produce all 3 symptoms types (i.e. PCP, ketamine)
Lobotomies
Surgical separation of part of the frontal lobe
Chlorpromazine
First typical antipsychotic in 1950s
Conventional (Typical) Antipsychotics
Antagonist to ONLY DA receptor subtypes (i.e. chlorpromazine, thioridazine, haloperidol)
Atypical Antipsychotics
Antagonists to DA and 5-HT receptor subtypes (i.e. aripiprazole, clozapine, quetiapine, risperidone)
True
Current antipsychotic treatments are empirically inadequate (T/F)
Moslimbic, mesocortical
Atypical antipsychotics act as a partial agonist by reducing DA in the ___ area and increasing DA in the ___ area
Cognitive
___ Symptoms are not required for diagnosis of Schizophrenia