AP Psychology Unit 6 Vocabulary

the set of complete instructions for making an organism

the genetic code for the body; it is made up of DNA and there is typically 46 in each nucleus (23 from each parent); males have X and Y while females have 2 X; the father determines the baby´s sex

a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosome

twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms

twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs; they are genetically no closer than brothers or sisters, but they share a fetal environment

the period of pregnancy that begins with conception and ends 9 months later with birth

the fertilization of the egg

the fertilized egg; this stage lasts 2 weeks in which there is a period of rapid cell division; at day 10, the zygote attaches to the mother´s uterine wall

cells choosing their specialization, such as stomach or a brain cell

the developing human organism from 2-8 weeks; organs begin to form and function, umbilical cord forms, and arms and legs begin to form

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception; hands and feet are developing, and at around month 6, organs have developed enough to allow a chance of premature survival; rapid neural cell production

toxic substances that can harm the embryo/fetus when ingested or contracted by the mother: alcohol, drugs, nicotine, HIV, AIDS, etc.

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman´s heavy drinking; some characteristics are disproportioned head, learning disabilities, emotional problems, etc.

influences on development that are genetic or biological; typically relate to the process of maturation; growth processes are connected to an individual´s genetic blueprint

influences of environmental factors on development, such as family, nutrition, culture, interactions with others, education, wealth, etc.

involves changes in the body, nervous system, senses, and motivational drives related to growth and aging

the orderly, sequential biological growth pattern primarily determined by genetic makeup (nature) and influenced by extreme environmental factors (nurture) such as lack of nutrition

newborn

can respond to sweet, salty, and bitter tastes; can see close objects (about 8 inches away) such as their mother´s face; attracted to female voices such as their mother´s

a simple and repeatable method to assess the health of a newborn immediately after birth; rates 5 categories (skin color, pulse rate, reflexes, muscle tone, and breathing) on a scale from 0-2 with the final score ranging from 0-10

a condition that makes it impossible for babies to metabolize certain proteins

survival actions with which a baby is born with

an outstretching of the arms and legs in response to a loud noise or sudden physical change

in response to a touch on the bottom of the foot, the infant´s toes will splay outward and arch back; in adults, toes just curl in

occurs when an object touches the lips

the turning of an infant´s head toward a stimulus such as a breast or a hand

in response to a touch on the palm of the hand, an infant will grasp

an infant can swallow, though this reflex is not yet well coordinated with breathing

if held so that the feet just touch the ground, an infant will show ¨walking¨ movements, alternating feet in steps

the sudden death of an infant under 1 years old that cannot be explained even after thorough investigation; is a leading cause of death for infants and is thought to be influenced by sleeping on the stomach

a decrease in responsiveness with repeated stimulation

by age 2, an infant´s brain is about 75% of its adult weight and size

people typically cannot remember events that occurred when they were infants because many brain circuits were not fully connected at the time

infants roll over at 3 months, sit along at 5.5 months, stand alone at 11.5 months, walk alone at 12 months, and walk up steps at 17 months; easier to remember sit, crawl, walk, run

Noam Chomsky believed that every child has the innate ability to learn language, and infants in each culture follow a patterned sequence: cooing, babbling in their mother language (9 months), producing first words (12 months), forming two word sentences, and by age three forming longer sentences

an individual´s characteristic manner of behavior; researchers believe it has a strong genetic base

identified a number of temperamental patterns, such like bold babies are less easily frightened and more socially responsive than shy babies

performed longitudinal research that identified three general types of temperament

founded social learning theory, stating people learn behaviors through observational learning

a condition for learning where focus is set on a stimulus

a condition for imitating behavior where focus is set on remember the function of a stimulus

having the capacity to imitate behavior

having the incentive to imitate behavior

a parenting style that enforces rigid rules, strict punishments, and rarely listens to kids´ viewpoints; children who grow up under this style tend to be moody, aggressive, and often lack communication skills

a parenting style that sets firm rules, makes reasonable demands, and listens to kids´ viewpoints while insisting responsible behavior; children who grow up under this style tend to be well-adjusted, goal-oriented, and socially competent

a parenting style that sets few rules, makes minimal demands, and allows kids to reach their own decisions; kids who grow up under this style tend to be impulsive, immature, and fail to respect others, especially authority

a parenting style where parents are non-existent; kids who grow up under this style tend to have low confidence, withdrawn from others, and untrusting

investigated attachment of baby geese to their other figure; discovered critical period and imprinting

a specific time where an emotional or social landmark is developed that will not or cannot occur at a later date

instinctive bonding to the first moving object seen within hours of birth

known for his experiment on baby monkeys and surrogate mother dolls with one providing comfort and the other providing discomfort and food; discovered babies value contact comfort over nourishment

Discovered different types of attachment styles from her experiment on caregivers being with or separating from children (strange situation test)

forms when parents/caregivers consistently meet the infant´s needs by being warm and responsive

forms when parents/caregivers fail to meet the infant´s needs by being neglectful and inconsistent

during the strange situation test, infant shows a great deal of anxiety, engages in little exploration, becomes distressed in absence of caregiver or in absence of a stranger; becomes difficult when caregiver returns

during the strange situation test, infant shows little distress in the absence of the caregiver an in the presence of a stranger; becomes avoidant when caregiver returns

Theorized that personality develops during infancy and childhood via five psychosexual stages, during which the ID seeks pleasure in erogenous zones; when the ID´s urges are not satisfied, a person becomes fixated in a psychosexual stage and carries that sexual energy into adulthood

from ages 0-1, ID focuses on mouth, tongue, and lip pleasure and develops out of it by weaning off breast feeding to formula feeding; adult fixation can appear as smoking or overeating habit

from ages 1-3, ID focuses on anus pleasure and develops out of it via toilet training; adult fixation can appear as over-orderliness or adversely messiness

from ages 3-6, ID focuses on genital pleasure and develops out of it by resolving oedipus/electra complex (yes, the weird ¨I DONT HAVE A PENIS/GIRLS DONT HAVE A PENIS!??!¨); adult fixation can appear as deviancy and sexual dysfunction

from ages 6-12, ID focuses on NOTHING! and rather works on developing defense mechanisms; there is no apparent adult fixation

from ages 12+, ID focuses on genital pleasure again and develops out of it by reaching full sexual maturity; there shouldn´t be an adult fixation if sexual maturity is reached

refers to how people develop social and emotional skills across their lifespan; can be affected by both nature and nurture

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

the process of absorbing new information into an existing schema

the process of adjusting old schemas or developing new ones to incorporate new information

from ages 0-2, experiencing the world through senses and actions; develops object permanence and stranger anxiety

the understanding that objects and people continue to exist even when they cannot be sensed

from ages 2-7, representing things with words and images; develops pretend play, animistic thinking, egocentrism, and language development

the inability to consider another person´s viewpoint

believing that inanimate objects have feelings

from ages 7-11, thinking logically about concrete events; develops conservation and mathematical transformations

the understanding that two equal quantities remain equal even though their form or appearance is rearranged

from ages 12+, developing abstract reasoning, abstract logic, and potential for mature moral reasoning

the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others and to understand others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from one´s own

disorders that are typically characterized by social deficits, communication difficulties, stereotyped or repetitive behaviors and interests, and in some cases, cognitive delays

a cognitive developmental theory offered in contrast to Piaget´s theory that states cognition is a process similar to that of a computer

used visual tasks to demonstrate that infants as young as 2.5 months are capable of displaying object permanence

placed greater emphasis upon the role of social and cultural factors in influencing cognitive development

a zone where development is best achieved; is between a being a skill that requires help and a skill that requires no assistance

the period of time between puberty and adulthood when people experience physical, social, and moral changes

the physical beginnings of sexual maturity

the organs needed for reproduction

non-reproductive traits

a girl’s first period

developed the theory of eight stages of psychosocial development

birth to 18 months; trust vs. mistrust

2-3 years; autonomy vs. shame and doubt

3-5 years; initiative vs. guilt

6-11 years; industry vs. inferiority

12-18 years; identity vs. role confusion

19-40 years; intimacy vs. isolation

40-65 years; generativity vs. stagnation

65-death; ego integrity vs. despair

a sense that the world is predictable and reliable; found in the infancy stage

know who you are; found in the toddlerhood stage

expanded on Erik Erikson's work of identity development by identifying adolsecent’s commitment to finding their identity

neither exploring nor committing to an identity

a commitment is made without exploring alternatives

in the midst of a crisis but has not committed to any identity