Microbiology Final Exam

Religious beliefs, Allergies/medical reasons, No access to healthcare/vaccinations, Financial reasons

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays

Can identify a wide variety of pathogens, work very quickly, very accurate

Antibody-antigen interactions, Reporter enzyme attached to a monoclonal detecting antibody (recognizes just one type of antigen)

Direct, Indirect, Sandwich

A vaccine with altered pathogens that do not cause disease but can still be infectious

Long-lived memory because it is the actual pathogen

Can cause disease in immunocompromised hosts, there is the possibility that the pathogen can mutate back to it’s infectious form

A vaccine that requires a carrier pathogen to deliver genetic information from the pathogen

A vaccine with whole inactivated or partially inactivated pathogens

Stable at room temperature, safe for immunocompromised people

Boosters are needed to achieve full immunity and many people choose not to/forget to get the booster

A vaccine with the entire dead agent, inactivated virus. It contains the same agent that you would encounter in nature in it’s full form, but will not cause disease

By chemicals, heat, radiation

A vaccine with a portion of the pathogen

It requires an adjuvant (Some sort of pharmaceutical additive that will enhance our bodies natural response to the pathogen. It is attached to the antigen and increase the response of our body).

Purified subunit, toxoid, conjugate

The vaccine contains purified natural parts of the actual pathogen or engineered parts of the pathogen

The vaccine contains an inactivated protein toxin

The vaccine adds or links a protein antigen to the polysaccharide antigen to make a better immune response

No, our bodies need to mount an immune response first

Antibodies clump together with the antigens

Can visibly look for this clumping (change in color, light reaction). We can see this clumping if a patient has been exposed to an antigen and created antibodies (some tests are looking for the antigen, some look for the antibodies)

Blood typing, infection identification, diagnosis of noninfectious immune disorders

85% or more are vaccinated

Antigenic shift/drift, horizontal gene transfer

The mold prevented the normal growth of the streptomycin

Synthetic antimicrobials that contain a fluorine atom

DNA replication enzymes

Administered orally, active against many pathogens, penetrate well into tissues.

GI upset, headaches, dizziness, insomnia

Drugs that were originally naturally occurring products made by strep species

No beta-lactam ring, administered orally (to treat intestinal infections) or by IV (to treat systemic infections)

Broad spectrum drug prescribed to treat mycobacterium

Prescribed in combination with another drug, but can make other drugs ineffective (oral contraceptives, HIV meds, heart condition/blood pressure/blood thinner meds)

GI upset, heartburn, fatigue, drowsiness, dizziness, headaches

The time it takes for half of the dose to be eliminated/deactivated by the body

It determines how frequently we administer the drug (ex: if a drug has a short half life, you would need to take it more frequently)

The ratio of the maximum safe dose to the minimum effective dose

Drugs have a dosage that is close to the toxic dose. They must be carefully dosed and monitored for toxicity effects

Drugs have a dosage that is well below the possibility of being toxic, but are still effective

Target a bacteria-produced enzyme that targets folic acid (something we don’t produce)

Bacteriostatic, broad spectrum drugs that don’t effect human cells

To determine the sensitivity or resistance of bacteria to various antimicrobial compounds

Drugs that work against a wide variety of both gram positive and gram negative bacteria

They prevent bacteria from growing

They target protein synthesis and metabolic pathways

They kill bacteria

They target cell walls, cell membranes, and nucleic acids, and kill our normal microbiota also which can lead to a deadly spike in bacterial toxins

Drugs that prevent bacteria from growing

Drugs that completely kill bacteria

Drugs that have a beta-lactam ring that target antimicrobial-resistance enzymes called beta-lactamases

Viruses and eukaryotic pathogens are not actively replicating, making it hard for the drugs to eliminate the pathogens

A procedure that involves spreading test bacterium on the surface of agar plates to determine the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (the lowest concentration that inhibits the microbe’s growth)

The minimum inhibitory concentration: the lowest concentration that inhibits the microbe’s growth

They prevent microbe protein synthesis

SARS-CoV-2

High fever, sudden onset of severe chills, shortness of breath, productive cough, chest pain

Low fever, little to no chills, shortness of breath, nonproductive cough, runny nose, muscle aches, joint aches, subtle onset

Humans are the only source

Leading cause of community acquired pneumonia in adults (outside of the hospital setting)

Commonly referred to as “walking” pneumonia, symptom onset is slow

Severity varies - usually starts with a sore throat then cough for up to 6 weeks. 50% of people are infected by 20 years old

S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae

HPIV1, HPIV2, HPIV3, HPIV4

Most common cause of croup in young children

Can cause bronchiolitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia

Least serious, causes mild cold-like symptoms

Barking cough

Sweep microbes towards the mouth to prevent entry to the lungs

Inefficient drainage occurs, immune system is not fully developed

The DTAP vaccine does not provide lifelong immunity and boosters are now needed

A RNA virus that presents as cold-like symptoms but can be dangerous to young children and elderly

Inflammation and swelling of sinus membranes

Viruses and allergens

Inflammation in throat, swollen cervical lymph nodes, low grade fever, puss in throat, no cough

Group A streptococcus (GAS) S. pyogenes

Penicillin based drugs

Signs and symptoms are similar to a common cold, but accompanied with a prolonged high fever. Can be deadly to people with preexisting conditions and lead to complications like pneumonia

An inactivated vaccine that contains candidate viruses grown in cell culture (chicken eggs)

Symptoms are the same, but a high fever is also occurring

Minor flulike symptoms, some gastrointestinal issues

Transmitted from food (cheese, deli meats, some fruits). Affects elderly, immunocompromised, babies, and pregnant women

West Nile virus

Transmitted in soils and honey. Cannot tolerate a high pH and needs low oxygen to grow. Forms endospores and can tolerate high heat. Commonly found in canned vegetables

Toxins block neurotransmitters that allow the muscles to contract

Oxygen loving, had a glcocalyx capsule tightly wrapped around the cell wall to help adhere to hosts and form biofilms

Inflammation in the meninges

Layers of tissue surrounding the brain that supply nutrients, remove waste, and protect

NIH

Fecal-oral route

Flulike symptoms. Paralysis in more severe cases

Kills about 50,000 people worldwide mostly in undeveloped areas

Classic zoonosis (animal bite)