APUSH Time Period 5 (1844-1877) (Ch 12-15)

For 2 decades she traveled through the North speaking daily in churches, halls, and homes. Besides abolitionism, she was also active in pacifist organizations and womens rights.

The absence of a powerful national government led to voluntary political and social activities being organized.

ex. organizations to prevent the manufacture and sale of liquor, expand public education, improve conditions in prisons, uplift wage workers conditions, and reorganize society on the basis of cooperation, not competitive individualism.

This group believed that God had a dual personality, both male and female and that the 2 sexes were equal. They believed in virgin purity and men and women lived in separate dormitories (adopted kids and converted people to increase numbers). They marketed vegetable and flower seeds and were known for their herbal medicine and crafted furniture. They peaked in the 1840s and had less than 5,000 members. They survived into the 20th century and had a big impact.

This group believed that followers could become so perfect that they achieved a state of “purity of heart” (sinlessness). They did away with private property and traditional marriage. They believed the entire community were equals. They allowed respectful consented sexual relations. They weren’t as successful because they were seen as having a very dictatorial environment, and their leader was indicted for adultery.

This group believed in women’s rights. They also separated children from their parents and put them into schools to “properly” teach them. This group failed with their settlement, New Harmony, which had too many disputes on the community constitution and distribution of rights.

An outlook that sees individuals and society as capable of indefinite improvement. Older reform movements moved in a new, radical direction. ex: criticism of war became pacifism. Critics of slavery no longer wanted gradual emancipation, but immediate abolition.

These movements sought to redeem drunks and occasional drinkers and denounce liquor. It aroused hostility because one persons sin is another’s pleasure. Those who enjoyed the occasional Sunday drink didn’t think they were less moral than those who didn’t drink.

Many Americans saw the reform impulse as an attack on their own freedom. Drinking was a big part of festivals, and taverns were important in colonial times. People didn’t think a group of citizens should dictate how others conducted their personal lives. Catholics didn’t support reform because they viewed sin as an inescapable burden. They placed more value on community, family, and church rather than individual independence.

Some new institutions included jails, poorhouses, asylums, and orphanages. Believers in “perfectionism” believed in the idea that social “ills” who had once been seen as incurable could in fact be “cured” by placing them in an environment where their character could be transformed. It was meant so that those who were in these institutions could eventually be released as good, self-disciplining, productive citizens, not just pushed away and separated from society.

These are tax supported state schools open to all children, instead of the early 19th century private academies, local schools, and home schools. Horace Mann hoped public education would restore equality to a fractured society by bringing children of all classes together, and letting the less fortunate to advance. The lessons learned in school (obedience, attendance, organization) would prepare students for the new industrial economy. Every North state had established common schools by 1860, but the South fell behind since they viewed education of free blacks as dangerous and didn’t to pay taxes to educate poor whites.

The goals of this organization was to end bondage but deport the freed slaves to Africa, the Caribbean, or Central America. It soon established Liberia. Many Northerners saw it as the only way to get rid of slavery. Southerners said that free blacks posed a danger to society. Henry Clay, John Marshal, Andrew Jackson, and James Madison supported the idea.

A few blacks supported the idea, desiring to spread Christianity and enjoy rights and the US denied them. But most didn’t support this idea. Free blacks were more motivated to their rights as Americans as a result of the American Colonization Society. Free placks (in PA) assembled and made resolutions declaring that they were entitled to the same freedom and rights as whites.

Unlike their predecessors, the new movements didn’t want gradual emancipation, but immediate abolitionism. They used explosive language against slavery and slaveholders and insisted that blacks should be incorporated as equal members of society, not deported. They wanted to root out not only slavery but racism in all forms.

They spread their message by taking advantage of the rapid development and expansion of print technology and literacy (due to common schools) to spread their message. Theodore Weld trained preachers to convince others in the rural North by identifying slavery as a sin. Abolitionists raised money in modern ways, like establishing Christmas chopping, and adding the slogan “buy for the sake of the slave.’

He was an abolitionist who put his harsh opinions in '“The Liberator”, his weekly journal published in Boston. His pamphlet “Thoughts on African Colonization” recognized blacks as part of society. His idea to dissolve the Union and for the North to leave were rejected by most abolitionists. Many southerners reprinted his editorials to condemn them.

This was the process of abolishing slavery through convincing the public sphere, not violence. Nearly all abolitionists were pacifists who believed that coercion (threats and force) should be eliminated from all human relationships and institutions. They wanted to awake the nation to the moral evil of slavery and convince slaveholders of the sinfulness of their ways.

Written by Harriet Stowe in 1851, this piece of literature had a powerful appeal by portraying slaves as sympathetic, christian men and women at the mercy of cruel slaveholders who split up families and harmed mothers and children. It sold more than 1 million copies by 1854 and inspire many stage versions.

This symbol was a portrait of a slave in chains with the caption “Am I not a man and a brother"?” It showed white Americans that men and women no different from themselves were slaves.

These members of abolitionism redefined freedom and Americanness by attacking the foundations of racism, disproving the pseudoscience arguments for black inferiority. They attacked the view of Africa as a uncivilized continent. They called on other free blacks to seek skilled and dignified employment to prove the race’s ability for advancement,

Abolitionism aroused violent hostility from northerners because they feared the movement threatened to disrupt the Union, overturn white supremacy, and interfere with their profits gained from slave labor. Later, mob attacks and the obvious limit on abolitionists free speech convinced many northerners that slavery didn’t follow the democratic liberties of White Americans.

Gag Rule: House of Rep adopted in 1836, after abolitionists flooded Washington w/ petitions calling for emancipation in the capital, which the rule prohibited its consideration.

Before they could vote, women circulated petitions, delivered public lectures, participated in political protests, and raised money for political causes. Women unsuccessfully organized a petition against the policy of indian removal, but it inspired women to fight for other reform movements.

This woman was a Massachusetts school teacher. She was a leading advocate for more humane treatment of the insane (who were placed in jails with criminals at the time). Because of her, 28 states constructed mental hospitals before the civil war.

These women were daughters of a large South Carolina slave holder. They had been converted to Quakerism and then abolitionism in Philadelphia, and began to deliver lectures condemning slavery from a first hand perspective. They used controversy over their lectures to go against the idea that women participating in the public sphere was unfeminine. They called for equal rights for women. They were the first to apply the abolitionists doctrine of universal freedom and equality to the status of women.

This was a gathering on behalf of women’s rights in NY that raised the issue of women’s suffrage for the first time and it was organized by Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia Mott. They created a Seneca Falls Declaration of sentiments adding women to Jefferson’s “all men are created equal”. It also condemned the structure of inequality that denied women access to education + employment, gave husbands authority over them, etc.

• Insisted women deserved the range of individual choices that constituted the essence of freedom.

• Women had the same rights as men to develop their talents and “to live freely and unimpeded” - Margret Fuller

• Freedom meant a quest for personal development.

• Women used the idea of the “slavery of sex” in their arguments because it empowered the movement to develop a critique of male authority (analogy b/w marriage and slavery)

  • “women is a slave, from cradle to grave”

  • Women couldn’t enjoy the fruits of their labor (a crucial element of freedom)

Amelia Bloomer made a new style of dress consisting of a loose-fitting tunic and trousers. They wanted to make the point that long dresses, tight corsets, and petticoats of “appropriate” female attire were confining women from claiming a place in the public sphere or to work outside of the home. It was ridiculed by the press and insulted by “crowds of boys in the streets”

This split of the 1840s was caused by a dispute over the role of women in anti-slavery work. The American and Foreign Anti-Slavery society believed it was wrong for a women to occupy prominent positions. Abolitionists feared such radicalism on issues like women’s rights impeded the movements growth. Liberty Party was the name of the abolitionists political party.

A familiar symbol in colonial times, the BLANK became unpopular among some Americans after being identified with the French Revolution. Secretary of war Jefferson Davis didn’t want it to adorn the capital statue bc ancient Romans regarded it as “the badge of the freed slave” and he feared it would create a connection bw slaves longing for freedom and the liberty of freeborn Americans. It was replaced with a feather helmet on the statue.

It moved to the center stage as a result of the US’s territorial expansion. By 1840 nearly all land East of the MI R was in white hands since Indian Removal had been completed.

This territory was desirable for US expansion bc the US wanted to extend the “area of freedom” and annex it for Manifest Destiny. It was also linked commercially with the US and traded with New England. It had also already been attracting Americans.

1835 - Whites had been settling here because the Spanish gov. had accepted an offer from Moses Austin to colonize it with Americans. The Mexican gov. was upset with its weakening grip on the area and disregarded land contracts and barred further emigration from the US. Americans living there wanted more autonomy and arguments arose about slavery. When Antonio Lopes de Santa Anan sent an army to enforce central authority in 1835, it sparked the Texas Revolt (rebels formed provisional gov. rallying for Texan Independence). Santa Anna’s army stormed the Alamo and killed the Americans and Tejanos defending it. Sam Houston routed Santa Anna and forced him to recognize Texan Independence (later became Prez of Texas Republic).

1846-1848 A goal of his presidency, James K Polk wanted to bring CA into the Union, but the Mexican gov. refused to negotiate. Spring of 1846 American forces moved into the region between Rio Grande and Nueces, land claimed by both countries on a border dispute b/w texas and Mexico. Fighting eventually broke out and Polk declared war.

1848 - this ended the Mexican-American War. It confirmed the annexation of Texas and ceded California, present-day New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah to the US. However, the territory gained in the Mexican-American War raised the question of weather slavery would be allowed to expand in the West. This issue also dissolved the strongest force for national unity, the 2 party system, thus leading to the Civil War.

After Texan independence, tensions between these two groups were strained because Anglos wanted land and resources and expelled some Mexicans who they suspected were loyal to Mexico. Tejanos felt pressure to Americanize (convert, go to American schools, etc) TEjanos were confined to unskilled agriculture.

Manifest destiny gave a very new expression of racial superiority. In the 1840s, the territorial expansion of the “Anglo Saxons” was seen as proof of its innate superiority. The media popularized the link b/w American freedom and the “innate liberty-loving qualities” of Anglo-Saxon Protestants.

This event impacted California because the non-Indian population of CA rose from < 15,000 to > 360,000 in 1860. It attracted many immigrants and San Francisco became very ethnically and racially diverse. The male population was 3 x the women’s population. Underground mining required lots of capital and this economic development worsened conflicts among the groups (competition for gold). The Indians were overrun by gold seekers, some were murdered. State officials paid bounties to attack the CA Indians.

The younger brother of War of 1812 hero Oliver Perry, this man commanded warships sailing into Tokyo harbor. He was trying to get Japan to open up its borders, which had closed itself to foeign contact for 2 centuries. In 1854 Japan opened 2 ports to American shipping, and the US and Japan later established full diplomatic relations with each other. This resulted in Japan launching a process of modernization and transformed it into a major military power of the region.

1846 - This was a resolution by congressman Davis Willmo of PA meant to resolve the issue of slavery by prohibiting slavery from all new territory from Mexico. It destroyed purity lines as all northerners (Whigs + Dems) supported it while nearly all southerners opposed it. It passed the House (N majority) but not the Senate (even balance of N + S staff).

This party was against the expansion of slavery. Martin Van Buren was its president. The idea of preventing the creation of new slate states appealed to more people. They called for barring slavery from western states and for the fed. gov. to provide homesteads to settlers in the new territories. Unlike abolitionism, the “free soil” idea appealed to racism. This party appealed to the racist North by saying that the party was motivated not by sympathy for slaves, but to advance the rights and cause of the free white man by preventing them from having to compete w/ black labor. It appealed to those who favored policies like the protective tariff and government aid for internal improvements. Northerners went west for economic betterment. “Freedom of the soil offered the only alternative to permanent economic dependence for American workers”

The idea that the decision of weather or not to have slavery should be left to the settlers of the new territory.

Offered by senator Clay, this compromise stated that:

• CA would enter Union as a free state

• Slave trade (but not slavery) would be abolished in Washington

• A new law would help southerners reclaim runaway slaves

• The slavery decision in the remaining new territories from Mexico would be left to local white inhabitants.

• Us would pay off the massive debt Texas had gathered while independent.

This law allowed special federal commissioners to decide the fate of fugitives w/o a jury trial or testimony. it prohibited local authorities from interfering w/ the capture of fugitives and required citizens to assist in their capture when called upon.

This affected all free states, widened sectional divisions b/w N and S, and reinvigorated the Underground Railroad. Slaves fled to Canada.

“The security of the slave was more important to the south than the states rights consistency”.

Illinois Senator Douglas introduced a bill to provide territorial govs for KS and NE because

• He wanted transcontinental railroad through KS and NE, but feared they needed formal govs. first.

• he wanted to appeal to southern n congressmen fearing the unablance if they were free states by applying popular sovereignty.

• The act shattered democrats’ unity (1/2 of northern Democrats voted against it fearing it would harm their reelection.

• The Whig party collapsed since they couldn’t develop a unified response to the crisis.

• South became solidly democratic.

• Northern Whigs joined the new Rep party, preventing the expansion of slavery.

The completion of the railroad network caused explosive economic growth, especially in the N (went from 5k to 30k miles). By 1860 the N had become a complex, integrated economy with eastern industrialists marketing manufactured goods to commercial farmers of the West. The Industrial Revolution spread, causing a majority of N to no longer work in agriculture. Chicago became a complex manufacturing center. NYC became the US’s financial, commercial, and manufacturing center. The South didn’t share these economic changes.

This party intended to prevent Catholics and immigrants from being elected to political offices. The party was unsuccessful in barring immigrants from politics because immigrants had an advantage since they were white. White male suffrage had become the norm and immigrants automatically received the right to vote. New England states tried to reduce immigrant political power by creating literacy voting requirements and a mandated 2 year wait b/w becoming a citizen and voting. but western states were desperate for labor and allowed immigrants to vote before they were citizens.

In this ideology, societies gave each laborer the opportunity to move up statuses, thus achieving economic independence. This ideology believed slave societies were hierarchy’s of degraded slaves, poor whites w/o the ability to advance, and idle aristocrats. They believed if slavery spread west, it would barr northern laborers and their opportunity for advancement, and so Republicans insisted slavery would need to be kept out to allow free labor to flourish.

During the 1854 and 1855 elections, hundreds of pro-slavery Missourians crosses the border and illegally cast ballots. Settlers from free states established a rival government and soon civil war broke out.

This election made it clear that parties had reoriented themselves along sectional divides. Democrat James Buchanan becomes president.

Scott had accompanied his owner to Illinois and Wisconsin, where slavery was banned by the NW ordinance of 1781, state law, and the MI Compromise. After returning to MI, SCott sued for his freedom, since he had been on free soil. It raised 3 questions:

• Could a black be a citizen and therefore sue in court?

• Did residence in a free state make Scott free?

• Did Congress have the power to prohibit slavery in a territory?

The Chief Justice declared unconstitutional the Republican platform of restricting slavery’s expansion and undermined Douglas’s doctrine of popular sovereignty.

• Injured courts reputation (sank to lowest level in all US history)

• The decision caused a furor (outbreak of public anger or excitement) and put the question of black citizenship on the national political agenda.

• Prez Buchanan announced henceforth slavery existed in all territories by virtue of the Constitution.

• Buchanan admin tried admitting KS as a slave state, causing Douglas to ally w/ the Republicans to block the attempt.

• Hated slavery as much as abolitionists did, but was willing to compromise w/ the south to preserve the union.

• Hated slavery bc of the “monstrous injustice of it itself”

• His life personified the free labor ideology and opportunities north society had for laboring men.

• Blacks had the right to better his condition, get the fruits of their labor, etc.

• “Freedom meant opposition to slavery”

• He believed in racial prejudice such that blacks shouldn’t vote or serve on juries.

• He frequently spoke of colonizing blacks overseas to solve the slavery problem. Yet he believed that blacks were entitled to the inalienable rights of the Dec. of Independence.

• “The essence of freedom lies in local self gov. and individual self-determination”

• He believed politicians had not right to impose their moral standards on society, “if a community wished to own slaves, it could.”

• “The US gov. had been created for the benefit of white men and their posterity forever”

1859 - deeply religious calvinist abolitionist John Brown led 21 men, including blacks, on an armed assault on the federal arsenal (weapon storage) Harpers Ferry. They were surrounded and then killed or captured. While on trial, Brown gained admiration from millions of northerners. Brown was executed, but radicals from both the left + right respected him for willing to take action against an institution he considered immoral. The event heightened sectional tensions. Black leaders hailed him as a rare white willing to sacrifice himself for the cause of racial justice.

aka Fire Eaters, this group believed that the high price of slave was eroding the opportunity for economic independence. They argued that the north reaped the benefits of the cotton trade while southerners fell into debt. They believed remaining in the Union they would be bondage of the north, but if the South succeeded, it could become the foundation of a slave empire with other territories. cr

Unlike southern nationalists, Douglas and other northern democrats refused to support imposing slavery on all territories, they supported popular sovereignty. Southern democrats insisted that slavery must be protected inwestern territories and the party split by 1860. The southern dems didn’t trust the north dems. The north dems wouldn’t accept a platform that doomed their party to defeat.

He was very devoted to the Union (appealed to moderate Reps)

• His emphasis on moral dimension and sectional controversy appealed to abolitionist Reps

• He appealed to immigrants since he wasn’t associated with the Know Nothing Party.

• Since he was from Illinois, he was better positioned to carry the “doubtful" states essential for a republican victory.

The most striking this about this event was the sectionalism present. Lincoln won nearly all of the North states while Breckenridge won most of the south states. It demonstrated that the south would always struggle to gain political power bc the north had a much larger population. ex. Lincoln would have still been elected even if the votes for his 3 opponents had been cast for a single candidate.

South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Alabama, and Missouri seceded from the Union in 1861. They created and adopted the Confederate Constitution.

This proposal would guarantee the future of slavery where it already existed and extended the MI comp to the Pacific Ocean. the seceding state rejected it as to little, too late.

The south fired the first shots on April 12, 1861 at Fort Sumter, an area of Union control in Charleston, SC, on the harbor. Lincoln had notified the SC governor that the intended to replenish the Forts food days prior to April 12th. SC governor Jefferson Davis saw the Fort as a challenge to southern nationalism and ordered batteries to fire on the fort The next day Lincoln ordered 75k troops to suppress the “insurrection” in the south. It matters bc it shows that the N would accept war rather than let the Union perish while the South would make war rather than let the nation survive. (gives N better justification)

The war transformed from a struggle to preserve the Union into a war to end slavery. Marcus Spiegel was a German-Jewish immigrant serving in the army who reflected this change since he had been a democrat and shared many racist views, but as the Union penetrated the lower south and Spiegel saw the horrors of slavery first hand, he began to oppose it.

• Bigger population (22 mill)

• More manufacturing, financial resources, and railroads

• To restore the Union they had to invade and conquer an area larger than Western Europe.

• Not as good leadership

• Amazing Generals (Robert E. Lee)

• Agriculturally based

• Only have to Survive

• Don’t switch from producing cotton to food, so people starve.

• Labor force is slaves, whom they don’t want to arm (used as laborers instead)

• Smaller Population (9 mill)

3 Step Anaconda Plan

• Blockade S (no goods in or out)

• Capture Mississippi River, split South in two.

• Capture capital of Richmond, VA

• War of defense (they win by not losing)

• Just wear out the opponent (the south is twice the size of the original 13 colonies)

• Get European support

• Goal: secession and independence

New war technology transformed the warfare to be much more destructive.

• Naval Warfare was revolutionized by the ironclads instead of wooden ships.

• the telegraph allowed military communication

• Observation balloons allowed spying on enemy lines.

• Hand grenades and submarines invented

• Revolution in arms manufacturing replaced the short range traditional muskets with long range accurate modern rifles

• Trench warfare cause more casualties.

During the civil war, both sides employed the use of propaganda:

Union:

• Sent out pamphlets, sheet music, lithograms, and souvenirs by patriotic organizations. The War Department reaffirmed Northern values, criticized the democrats for treason, and accused the South of crimes against Northern soldiers and civilians.

Both sides used newspapers to report the results of battles and publish lists of casualties, including photography.

Radical Republicans were able to convince Congress that slavery must be abolished because Douglass argued that it was crucial to separate the freedom of the slave from the victory of the gov. and that the war for the destruction of liberty must be met with war for the destruction of slavery. Congress was upset with the lack of military successes so the idea appealed to them because they believed that they could win the war since slavery is crucial to the Southern economy.

Lincoln ultimately concluded that emancipation was crucial because

• The Union had a lack of military success

• He hoped that freed slaves would help the army (which was lacking manpower)

• The calculation that making slavery a target of the war effort would counteract British sentiment for recognition of the Confederacy.

1863 - This didn’t liberate all slaves, but it “freed” slaves in slave states that had seceded, not the loyal slave states. But since most were behind confederate lines besides those the Union had captured, very few slaves were freed.

This was a company of free blacks throughout the North that fought in an attack on Fort Wagner, SC, in 1863 where more than half of their crew (including the leader) perished. This helped to prove that blacks could withstand the pressures of the civil war battlefield.

In the Union Army, blacks were established as leaders and opened the door for political advancement. Units were segregated and blacks sometimes had abusive white officers. They were initially paid less. Blacks were assigned to labor rather than combat and they risked death or slavery if they were captured by confederate forces.

In the Union Navy, black and white soldiers lived and dined together in the same quarters. They received equal pay and equal promotional opportunities.

The Civil War is referred to as this sometimes because it was the transformation of American government and society brought by civil war. Liberty and union became identical. The North and South had different views of liberty, but the Union’s triumph took the North’s definition as the norm.

The Constitution was unclear about who had the power to hold prisoners w/o charge (writ of Habeas Corpus protects people from unlawful and indefinite imprisonment), so Lincoln suspended the writ for those accused of disloyal activities and used “presidential war power” as his justification to do so.

The North was transformed by the war since profits of industry boomed (bc of wartime inflation and government contracts). Northern agriculture flourished (and machinery and immigrants replaced labor costs).

1862 - This was meant to spur agricultural development, and it offered 160 acres of free public land to settlers in the west. 400k families acquired farms.

This was significant because it reduced cross country travel time from 4.5 months to 6 days. It expanded the national market, facilitated the spread of settlement and investment in the west, and signified the doom of the plain indians.

This area was transformed by the war because the war engulfed MI, KS, and Indian territory and divided western communities as civilians fought for both armies. Conflict erupted bw Indians and white settlers.)

Indian raiding partners had stolen sheep from settlements in 1860. Union forces then destroyed their orchards and sheep and forced 8000 people to move to a reservation. However, they were eventually allowed to return to a portion of their lands.

• Gov. increased tariff to promote N industry growth

• New taxes on the production and consumption of goods, included the nation’s first income tax.

• Borrowed $2 bill by selling interest-bearing bonds (created big national debt)

• Printed $400 mill declared to be legal tender (accepted by all organizations) (greenbacks)

• Established system of nationally chartered banks (could issue bank notes)

These policies vastly increased the federal gov.’s size and power.

• Took advantage of the labor shortage to work in factories and take up male professions (like nursing)

• The expansion of the national gov.s activites opened new jobs like gov. clerks for women.

• Some N women took direct part in military campaigns

• Took part in org. to raise funds and supplies for soldiers

• Organized Sanitary Fairs

Social tensions increased as the war progress and the Union had a draft law that would allow individuals to provide a substitute or buy their way out of the army. Workers hated manufacturers who got large profits while their own incomes dwindled bc of inflation.

The first and only president of the Confderate States from 1861-1865, this man struggled to rally public support for the Confederacy. He didn’t have Lincoln’s common touch or political flexibility and so he cound’t express the war’s meaning to ordinary men and women. Also, southern leaders saw parties as a threat to national unity, so there was no counterpart to the Republicans. The south couldn’t find a way to utilize their major export, cotton.

Southern administration tried to suppress cotton production, wanting people to grow food instead and ban cotton exports. It was supposed to promote economic self-sufficiency and force Great Britain to side w the confederacy and help them since their textile mills couldn’t operate w/o southern cotton. It was ineffective. Other countries started producing their own cotton and the resumption of American cotton after the war led to a surplus that drove the price down, impoverishing farmers around the world.

During the war, social tensions b/w rich planters and everyone else broke out in the Confederacy as the South also adopted the draft, which excused those w/ 20 slaves in addition to those who could pay or produce a substitute. Yeomen called it “a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight”. Disaffection (being dissatisfied w people in authority) became an even bigger problem in the Confederacy than in the N. Confederate economic policies worsened economic effects. Civilians weren’t willing to make sacrifices since they believed they were bearing an unfair load.

This group was impacted by the war because they had to fill the roles of the men who had left. They had to manage business affairs, discipline slaves, or work as clerkships in the Confederate Bureaucracy. They struggled to cope as their loved ones left and they weren’t sufficient enough to feed their families. They convinced the gov. to distribute supplies to needy families. As the war went on, more and more believed the cost of war was not worth it and disaffection grew as civilian moral died.

A shortage of white manpower led confederate authorities to authorize the arming of slaves to fight for the south. It did not mean the end of slavery. The slaves were employed as laborers (confusion over whether they actually fought for the confederacy) bc “if slaves make good soldiers, then our whole idea of slavery is wrong”.

The Union had captured these islands and northern investors, teachers, and the navy settled there, where there were also 10k slaves. They believed education was the key to make former slaves into productive, self-reliant citizens, so blacks were educated. By 1865, black families were working for wages, acquiring education, and enjoying better shelter, clothing, and diet than as slaves.

It was meant to produce a functioning civilian gov. in Louisiana, where the political status of African Americans caused division. It offered an amnesty and restoration of rights to all white southerners who took an oath affirming loyalty to the Union and support for emancipation. When 10% of voters of 1860 had taken the oath, they could elect their won new state gov, which would be required to abolish slavery.

1864 - Angry at being excluded from Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan, free blacks of New Orleans inspired the BLANK, which required a majority of white male southerners to pledge support for union before reconstruction could begin in any states. It guaranteed blacks equality before the law, but not the right to vote. The bill passed congress but Lincoln didn’t sign it.

1865 - It abolished slavery throughout the entire Union and introduced the word slavery to the Constitution for the first time.

Trapped by the Federals near Appomattox Court House, General Robert E. Lee surrendered his army to Union General Ulysses S. Grant bc he knew that further resistance was useless. April 9th, 1865

It was significant because it laid the foundation for modern American, destroying slavery, guaranteeing the Unions permanence, and shifting power from South to North. It increased the modernization of the N economy and strengthened federal power. It brought to the agenda the defining and protecting of African American freedom.

1861 - This was a confederate victory taking place at a small stream in Northern Virginia. It forced N + S to face the reality that the war would be long and bloody. The loss was a shock to the N, who expected a quick and decisive war victory. It gave S a false sense of hope that they could pull off a swift victory.

1862 - This was another Confederate victory near a small stream in Northern Virginia. It cause Union army moral to sink and North lost hope on the results of the war.

Sep 17, Maryland. This was a Union victory that showed that the Union could stand against the Confederate army. It gave Lincoln the confidence to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

July 1863, PA. This Union victory was a turning point in the war. It ended Confederate General Robert, E Lee’s quest to invade the N and end the civil war. It stopped the South’s hopes of becoming an independent nation.

It had the largest # of casualties.