Macromolecules

substances that cannot be broken down into smaller substances

 a substance made up of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio

Example: H2O is a compound! It has two different elements, oxygen and hydrogen, and has a fixed ration of two hydrogen to 1 oxygen.

  A atom is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element, because if you break an atom down into protons and electrons, and neutrons, the substance looses it’s properties

Atoms are made of three particles:

Electrons: negatively charged 

Protons: positively charged 

Neutrons: neutrally charged 

atoms of the same element that have different # of neutrons and therefore different masses

*all atoms of the same element have the same amount of protons

the tendency for an atom to be attracted to electrons, or how much it pulls on electrons. Technically atoms are sharing but electrons are close to one atom.

the number of protons in an atom 

 the # of protons and electrons of an atom

 a process that leads to the restructure of a molecular structure

Reactants: the substance/s that undergo a chemical reaction, substances before chemical reaction

Products: substances after chemical reaction

a compound containing carbon, although almost all organic compounds associated with life also have hydrogen

Biotic: Living things/ organisms of an ecosystem

Abiotic: non-living parts of the ecosystem (rain, water, etc)

Monomers: a molecule not bonded with other molecules

Polymers: several monomers bonded together

When water breaks down the bond of a polymer into two monomers 

 When polymers are formed and in the process a water molecule is lost and a larger compound is formed/ h2O is released as a product during the reaction

 One of the biomolecules, that is the source of all energy an organism can get. They are sugars that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Carbohydrates are categorized as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides:

Monosaccharides: the monomer of a carbohydrate is called is the monosaccharide, an example of a monosaccharide is glucose

Disaccharide: two monosaccharides that bond together

Polysaccharides: several monosaccharides bonded together, can contain thousands of monosaccharides, are good at storing energy, such as starch for plants

 fats and oils which are a biomolecule

3 fatty acids molecules+glycerol molecule= triglyceride

Triglycerides can be either saturated or unsaturated

A type of triglyceride:

 if carbon atoms in a fatty acid are connected to each other with single bonds, all of the carbon atoms are connected to at least 2 hydrogen atoms so the fatty acid is saturated with hydrogen

when some of those carbon atoms are connected to each other with double bonds, those carbons are not able to form more bonds and therefore cannot form bonds with hydrogens, so they are not saturated with hydrogen and are considered unsaturated 

A lipid molecule containing a phosphate group, which is glycerol back bone attached to two fatty acids

 a biomolecule comprised of one or more polypeptides

 The monomer of a protein is an amino acid/ proteins are made up of large molecules bonded together called amino acids. 

 the bond between two amino acids

Primary: the linear sequence of the amino acid   

Secondary: the polypetide begins to twist and can either form a coil or a zigzag pattern 

the three dimensional shape of a protein, due to the way the secondary reshapes the protein sturcture aminos that used to be far away can interact with each other, the tertiary structure often locks the molecule keep the structure stable  

Quaternary: when polypetide chains interact with each other forming a quaternary structure  

the breaking down of non covalent bond of amino acids residue, when proteins lose their quaternary structure

 contains the hereditary blueprint of life, or the instructions, double stranded  

 Single stranded, the photo copier, copies dna and bring it to copy dna in other cells 

make up nucleic acids, contain a nitrogen base, phosphate, and pentose sugar