GCSE AQA Geography- Paper 2 Case Studies

The rapid growth from the last 50 years

Rio is the cultural capital of Brazil

Hosted the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 olympics

Natural increases and migration

65%

Life expectancy in Rio de Janeiro is at 77. Compared to Brazil’s 73, due to improved health care. 95% of the population has mains water supply in Rio compared to only 65% of the rural population.

Rio is the top visitor destination in South America, and Rio is a major centre for banking, finance and insurance.

Only half of all children continue their education beyond 14, 37% of water is lost through leaky pipes and illegal access, and city wide black outs are frequent due to electricity shortage

Unemployment rates in favelas are over 20%, Average incomes are less than £75 a month and about 1/3 of Rio’s workers don’t have a formal contract, so don’t pay tax.

Air pollution estimated to cause 5000 deaths per year, Guanabara bay is heavily polluted and waste dumped in the water system causing cholera.

A site and service scheme where the local authority provides land and services for residents to build homes

A pacifying police unit (UPP) set up reducing crime, paved and formally named roads and hillsides secured to prevent landslides.

Lack of maintenance for the new infrastructure, rents rise in improved favelas and more training needed to improve literacy and employment

Quality of life, mobility and employment prospects improved in the favelas, and recognised by the UN as a model to be used in other Brazilian cities.

It has two universities and is culture and entertainment filled

50 countries represented in Bristol’s population and it links to Europe via ferry and the USA via airport

It enriches the city’s cultural life and helps to balance the aging population.

Pressures on housing and employment and the challenge of providing an education for children whose first language is not English.

More people under 16 than of pensionable age, and has two professional football teams and a rugby union team

Aardman animations (creators of Wallace and Gromit) was founded there, and ministry of procurement agency was established there, increasing employment rates

Every primary pupil planted a tree to create more green space, and 90% of population live within 350m of parkland or waterways

Over 1300 crimes a year and life expectancy of 78 years

Derelict industrial buildings and new housing developments in rural areas

Very run down and poor first impression of city was poor

Enterprise Zone Status, improved access in and around Bristol and New bridge across the River Avon

The offering of a range of incentives to businesses to move to the area, encouraging economic growth

The new Bristol Arena

An urban sustainable city in Germany

A biogas digester for organic good and garden waste is collected weekly

Solar panels producing 10million kilowatts of electricity per year

Compulsory roof gardens

40% of the city is forested

Low fares on public transport, a vast tram network and reduction of car use.

Restriction on vehicle use, limiting car sales and expansion of public transport system

Contributed 24% of Jamaica’s GDP and brings an income of US$2 billion each year

Increased investment on the north coast but some parts of the island remain isolated

On the Northern tourist areas of Montego Bay and Ocho Rio’s, QOL and SOL is high, but large numbers of people live nearby with very poor QOL and SOL

Excessive waste and harmful emissions, but increased investment in landscaping and conservation.

Provides 200,000 jobs (directly and indirectly) and employees can learn new skills to be shared

Has huge potential to help lead the way in the development of the whole continent, and had the highest GDP in 2022

Has the highest GDP growth from 2010-2015, and ranks as the fifth largest contributor to UN peacekeeping around the world.

• Exploited and enslaved by European countries

• Gained independence in 1960

• Following this was a series of dictatorships and a civil war

• Stable government since 1999

• multiethnic and multi-faith country

• Civil war was ethnic based

• Economic inequality between north and south creates tensions, affected economic growth

• rich and varied culture

• Nigerian music enjoyed worldwide

• Nigerian cinema (Nollywood)= second largest film industry in the world

• Nigerian football team won the African Cup of Nations 3 times

• natural environment form a series of bands

• Sahel and Sahara Desert in the North

• Pests and disease affect parts of Nigeria

• Deforestation 14% loss

• Oil industry caused degradation

It had decreased over time from around 3 quarters to 1 third.

It has increased from around one eight to one third

It has increased from around one sixth to one third

A large company which operates in several countries

• makes major contributions in taxes and revenue

• Provides 65,000 jobs directly

• Gives 91% of Shell contracts to Nigerian companies

• Oil spills cause water pollution and soil degradation.

• Frequent oil spills send toxic fumes into the air

• Oil theft and sabotage reduce production levels

Crude oil, natural gas, rubber, cocoa and cotton

The UK

A variety of countries in the EU as well as the largest economies of the USA, China and India

African Union, CEN-SAD, ECOWAS, OPEC and the UN

CEN-SAD and ECOWAS

To stabilise the price of oil

4%

Health and HIV programme

Orphans and vulnerable children

Due to corruption

• harmful pollutants go directly into open drains and water channels

• Chemical waste disposed of on nearby land

• 70-80% of Nigeria’s forests destroyed

• Desertification

Safe water, sanitation and reliable electricity

Oil, which could become an issue in the future

Due to corruption and because oil wealth has not been used effectively.

One of eight limestone quarries on the Mendip Hills

£15 million

The quarry is being restored to create wildlife lakes. And they monitor noise, vibration, airborne emissions and water quality

Deepening, as it means that the surrounding countryside are not destroyed.

They create global links, provide jobs and boost economic growth

• increase air port capacity

• Provide 77,000 new jobs

• noise and air pollution

• Village of Longford destroyed

Increasing the length of existing runways or continue to work at full capacity.

A new deep water quay on the River Mersey created, to cost £300 million.

• Creating 5000 jobs

• Boosting economy of North West

• Double the ports capacity

A £2 billion road widening project, making the entire road dual carriage ways.

Creates jobs and cuts traffic congestion

Destruction of habitat and increased car use

A high speed rail to connect London with Birmingham

Reduce pressure from existing infrastructure, reducing journey times and reducing the north south divide (maybe)

More likely to encourage jobs in London, Extremely expensive, destruction of habitats and villages and increased carbon emissions.

Camisea project used to exploit natural gas from the Amazon.

• could save Peru up to 4 billion US dollars in energy costs.

• Could bring Peru 34 billion US dollars over the span of the project.

• Provides employment opportunities.

• causes deforestation, decreasing biodiversity.

• Could impact the lives of several indigenous tribes.

• Clearing of routes for pipelines leads to landslides and pollution.

Chambamontera

The construction of a micro-hydro scheme supported by the charity Practical Action.

As development has been restricted due to lack of heat, light and power.

• Reduction in rural to urban migration

• Business development is possible

• Regulated flow has reduced risk of flooding.

• Reduced deforestation due to reduced need to burn wood as a source of heat.

• improved health care due to refrigeration for the storage of medicines.

• Improved education due to the access to light and potential internet.