APUSH - Chapter 11-12

When Mexico established independence, the non-Indian population was vastly outnumbered by Indians, to alleviate this, Mores Austin of Mexico would accept the offer to colonize Mexico with Americans to help develop the area. However, by 1930, Americans outnumbered the Tejanos in the region

Winfield Scott would lead his forces into central Mexico, leading to the war's end. The Treaty of Guadalupe was then enforced.

He was the General of the Union army at the beginning of the Civil war.

A proposal that would prohibit slavery from all territories acquired from Mexico while it was proposed, it was never voted on or adopted.

An armed assault by the abolitionist John Brown on the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, VA. This further heightened sectional tensions. Brown hoped that slaves would pick up arms and begin to fight along with him, but they did not. Placed on trial for treason to the state of Virginia, Brown's execution turned him into a martyr to much of the North

Included: *- Admission of California as a free state.

• Abolition of the slave trade (Not slavery itself) in the District of Columbia.

• Stronger fugitive slave laws, which was the most controversial part of the compromise.

• Mexican Cession territories would determine the status of slavery through popular sovereignty.*

The Free Labor Ideology: Republicans managed to convince most northerners (antislavery Democrats, Whigs, Free Soilers, and Know-Nothings) that the "Slave Power" posed more of an immediate threat to their liberties and aspirations than "popery" or immigration did.

In 1848, established that:

To extend American Liberties to the new territories.

Dred Scott, a slave who went with his master, Emerson, to a free state and lived there for a while, sued for his freedom.

Missouri border ruffians crossed into the Kansas to vote against slavery and there was violent acts against pro-slavery advocates who moved into Kansas.

• John Brown and his sons went to Kansas and killed many who voted to allow slavery into the state.

Charles Sumner, an abolitionist Senator from Massachusetts, Gave a speech in Congress called the "Crimes against Kansas" in which he specifically called out Preston Brook's fellow congressman from S-Carolina Andrew Butler for his proslavery views. Brooks beat Sumner in the Senate Chambers to near death with a Gold-tipped cane. Brooks later resigned from Congress following the incident, he was revered as chivalrous in the South because he protected the honor of his family name.

Under the Missouri Compromise, slavery had been prohibited in the Kansas-Nebraska area. This act of popular sovereignty would negate the Missouri Compromise. Although, the Kansas-Nebraska act would *become law. * *- Democrats were no longer unified as many northerners Democrats opposed the bill, while the South became solidly Democratic.

• The Whig Party Collapsed.*

They were the first party to end because of slavery, they couldn't agree whether to support propose slavery.

A proposal that the U.S. would take Cuba and turn it into a slave state.

He wanted to establish territorial governments for Nebraska and Kansas so that a Transcontinental Railroad could be constructed.

• New Fugitive Slave Laws: Increased the number of innocent blacks that were being kidnapped.

• Dred Scott Case: Belief that proslavery advocated entered courts.

• Gag Rule: Prevented discussing black abolition and led to believe proslavery advocates had infiltrated government.

• Ostend Manifesto: Addition of slave state.

Mexico supposedly killed Americans on U.S. soil, though the land was still disputed as no official border was established with Mexico.

California, Oregon, and Texas, The issue was whether they would be slave or free states.

A policy where people would have the power, they would essentially choose whether to allow slavery or not.

Allowed special federal commissioners to determine the fate of alleged fugitives without the benefit of a jury trial or even testimony by the accused individual.

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel would be free states and all that the South would be slave states.

Treaty of 1850 between the U.S. and Great Britain to stop fighting. U.S. wanted to *construct a canal through Nicaragua. *This plan had three parts: 1) Both nations would cooperate with each other on the construction. 2) Neither country would seek to establish colonies in the region. 3) Both powers would allow the canals use neutrally for shipping.

Treaty of 1842, they established the northern boundary between the U.S. and Canada in Maine and New Brunswick. Trade routes would be maintained for both nations, and increased Anglo-American relations.

He consolidated considerable executive power and twice suspended the writ of habeus corpus throughout the entire Union for those accused of "disloyal activities."

The Ten-Percent plan of Reconstruction in which there was no role for blacks and . There was leniency towards the south as only 10% of Southerners had to take a loyalty oath for states to start their path back into the Union.

He offered pardons to the white southern elite and allowed for the new state governments a free hand in managing local affairs.

President of the Confederate States of America. He proved unable to communicate the war's meaning to ordinary men and women. under Davis, the Confederate nation became more nationalized then the Old South had been.

• Confederate government controlled railroads and built factories.

• King Cotton diplomacy sought to pressure Europeans to side with the confederacy, but this failed.

He was the most well known confederate general in the Civil War.

He was a confederate general who earned his nickname at the Battle of First Bull Run for standing courageously against Union fire (Stonewall). During the battle of Chancellorsville, his own men accidently mortally wounded him.

He won the Union's first significant victory when he captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in Tennessee.

Sherman marched from Atlanta to the sea from November to December in 1864 (a 60 mile wide path of destruction)

Delayed because Lincoln did not want to give the South more anger, he was afraid the border states would secede, Lincoln was waiting for a major Union Victory, which was Antietam.

Called for the dissolution of Johnson's state governments and new ones which established that did not have "rebels in power", and which gave blacks the right to vote.

Designed to keep white supremacy in the South. Southern governments began passing new laws that restricted the freedom of blacks. However, these laws violated the free labor principles and called forth a vigorous response from the Republican North.

Placed into the constitution the principle of citizenship for all persons born in the United States and empowered the federal government to protect the rights of all Americans. - This defined what a U.S. citizen was

Congress approved it in 1869, it provided suffrage regardless of race. However, there were loopholes to this as states could discriminate based on the illiteracy (literacy test), inability to pay a tax (Poll tax), and the grandfather clause (Easy voting for whites). This also did not extend the vote to women.

Civil War battle in which the North succeeded in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties

The first full-scale battle of the Civil War. The fierce fight there forced both the North and South to face the sobering reality that the war would be long and bloody.

In 1866, it was enacted by radical Congress, forbidding the president from removing civil officers without consent of the Senate. It was meant to prevent Johnson from removing radicals from office. Johnson broke this law when he fired a radical Republican from his cabinet, and he was impeached for this "crime".

Over Johnson's veto, Congress adopted the Reconstruction Act, which divided the South into five military districts and called for the creation of new southern state governments where black men were given the vote.

Offered an alternative plan for Reconstruction as compared to Lincoln's 10% plan, but it was more radical: Required a majority of a state's white male voters (50%) to pledge loyalty, however, Lincoln pocket Vetoed the plan.

Constitutional Amendment to allow slavery on federal land in slaveholding states and re-establish the Missouri Compromise line (After the Kansas-Nebraska act.)

The compromise was to nominate pro-war General George B. McClellan for president and anti-war Representative George H. Pendleton for vice president. McClellan, a War Democrat, was nominated for president.

Southern-born white republicans, they were southerners who supported the Union after the war to aid in reconstruction.

Northern-born whites who moved to the South, supposed by southerners to take advantage of the South's economic worth, however most were just decided to stay in the South after the war ended. Most often held political office.

The term "jayhawkers" became synonymous with Union troops led by abolitionists from Kansas, and "jayhawking" became the generic term for armies plundering and looting from civilian populations nationwide.

In the election of 1876, Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) and Samuel Tilden (Democrat), the election was very close. Therefore, Congress set up the special Electoral Commission to determine the winner of the disputed votes.

Southern Democrats who regained their power in the South who claimed to have "redeemed" the white South from corruption, misgovernment, and northern & black control.

Since the 15th amendment prohibited voting discrimination, the South found loopholes to limit blacks' rights such as through literacy tests (Many were uneducated), grandfather clauses (Made it easier for whites to vote), and poll taxes (Many blacks couldn't afford it.)

(1896) The Court ruled that segregation was not discriminatory (did not violate black civil rights under the Fourteenth Amendment) if blacks received accommodations equal to those of whites.

A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote.

Permitted men who could not meet the literacy and property qualifications to be enfranchised if their ancestors had voted before Reconstruction began (Thus barring the descendants of slaves from the polls while allowing poor whites access to them).

Tests requiring reading or comprehension skills as a qualification for voting

Tuskegee Institute was founded in 1881 under a charter from the Alabama legislature for the purpose of training teachers in Alabama. Tuskegee's program provided students with both academic and vocational training regardless pf race.

Confederates began it by firing on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861 Lincoln called for 75,000 troops to suppress the insurrection.

North: Women stepped into the workforce as nurses, factory workers, and government clerks. Hundreds of women were brought into the public sphere and the war work offered them a taste of independence.

South's economy was in crisis during the war, numerous yeomen farmers, who had gone to the war to preserve their economic independence, sank into poverty and debt.

The overall effect was that it had made it more deadly as innovations in weapons made killing easier. For example, the rifle , as compared to the musket, increased the weapon's effective range.

The anaconda plan employed by the Union helped suffocate the Confederacy from the outside world and stifle its attempts to export cotton. This made it harder for them to gain materials, leading them to suffer from acute shortages of food by the third year of the war.

Britain declared neutrality during the war.

Abraham Lincoln's election as president, as they believed that Lincoln's ideals were a threat to their peculiar institution.

The North had a much larger population.

The North was fighting to have the south go back into the Union.

Lee surrendered to Grant at the Appomattox Court House in Virginia on April 9, 1865.

Intimidation, poll taxes, literacy tests, and the black codes,

White farmers had an increase in cotton cultivation, but cotton prices plummeted and found themselves unable to pay back their loans.

The Reconstruction Act started this. which Congress adopted after overriding Johnson's veto of it.

Sharecropping often led to cycles of debt that kept families bound to the land

Republican (Carpetbaggers and Scalawags)

Secret societies with the aim of preventing blacks from voting and destroying the organization of the Republican party.

At first, they were employed as cooks, laundresses and laborers. However, by the end of the was more than 180,000 blacks served in the Union army and 24,000 in the Navy.

United States vs Cruikshank: Ended the Enforcement Acts by throwing out the convictions of those involved in the Colfax massacre in 1873, leading to the KKK rising again, and blacks would face an increasingly hostile government in the South.

• Emancipation increased the power of black men in the family.

• Black women withdrew from work as field laborers and house servants and went to the domestic sphere.

They would seek missing family members, create independent black churches, flock to schools, and vote.