AP World History: Unit 1, AP World History Unit 2

The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.

pertaining to land or its cultivation; Ex. agrarian reform, agrarian society

extended family groups that generally lived together

a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)

different sections of land owned by the same country but ruled by different rulers (e.g. Greece)

process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans

system by which goods and services are produced and distributed to meet people's needs

a person who believes in the equality of all people

the process of scavenging for food

a series of ordered groupings of people or things within a system

A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild, foraging and hunting without significant recourse to the domestication of either plants nor animals

supplying dry land with water by means of ditches, sprinklers, etc.

a government in which power is in the hands of a single person who usually inherits their power

belief in a single God

The New Stone Age from circa 8500 to 4500 BCE: The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution(s)

(of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently

relating to shepherds or herdsmen or devoted to raising sheep or cattle (e.g. pastoral peoples)

The Old Stone Age from circa 750,00 to 500,000 years BCE to 8,500 years BCE: The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans and the development of minor tools

the rational investigation of questions about existence, knowledge, and ethics

belief in multiple Gods

the fertile land surrounding a river- the first civilizations arose near them

remaining in one place

the act of colonizing or a small group of people in a sedentary position

the necessities of life, the resources of survival

a quantity much larger than is needed

the act of sustaining life by food or providing a means of subsistence

government run by religious leaders

consisting of or derived from tradition; customary practices

the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban

a period between the Stone and Iron ages, characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons

the set of laws drawn up by Babylonian king Hammurabi dating to the 18th century BC, the earliest legal code known in its entirety

One of the first written languages known: A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia.

a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

the period following the Bronze Age; characterized by rapid spread of iron tools and weapons

Huge stone tombs with four triangle-shaped walls that met in a point on top

China's first dynasty almost 2000 BCE

a temple or tomb of the ancient Assyrians, Sumerians, or Babylonians, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding stories

route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading

Major winds in the Indian Ocean that blew into India for half the year, and blew away from India for the other half. Helped facilitate trade in the Indian Ocean.

people who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.

Groups of people who came from the area north of the Caucasus mountains, which are between the Black and Caspian seas. Herded multiple animals. Rode into battle on chariots. The Indo-European language of Sanskrit, by the Aryans, are the basis of many languages today. Often accepted and adapted aspects of technology, religions, and social order of those with whom they came in contact.

Patriarchal

a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society, there was virtually no social mobility

(Old Stone Age) a long period of human development before the development of agriculture

This city has existed for nearly 3,000 years, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC into the capital of the Carthaginian Empire. Controlled commerce in the Mediterranean prior to the rise of Roman Power. The expanding Roman Republic took control of many of its outposts after the two Punic Wars.

A region along the coast of Peru that possessed a highly-developed urban culture as early as 2500 B.C.E. Characterized by massive stepped pyramids and extensive use of cotton.

3rd millennium BC, Elaborately planned cities, standardized measures, irrigated agriculture, written language, no temples kings etc., had a lot of land, no political hierarchy, was abandoned because of mass deforestation, low crop yields, famine, environmental deterioration, etc. their influence continued even to this day (i.e. yoga). Important because it shows how we developed in our cities and economy.

earliest known American civilization, located in southern Mexico and known for its pyramids and huge stone heads

an ancient Sumerian city in Southern Iraq, near the Euphrates, important before 2000 b.c. : exclusive archaeological excavations, notably of a ziggurat and of tablets with very early Sumerian script.

the two main cities of india, know as twin capitals and both 3 miles in circumference

Mesopotamian flood story that includes legends and myths, the friendship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu

A collection of 282 laws which were enforced under Hammurabi's Rule. One of the first examples of written law in the ancient civilizations.

A form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line

A process of centralization that took place in the First Civilizations, growing out of the greater complexity or urban life in recognition of the need for coordination, regulation, adjudication, and military leadership

provided annual and predictable flooding that benefited and provided a sustainable lifestyle for this civilization, also gave them a stable and positive worldview, proved unty and independence and security

A civilization to the south of Egypt in the Nile Valley, noted for development of an alphabetic writing system and a major iron working industry by 500 BCE

Paleolithic carvings of the female form, often with exaggerated breasts, buttocks, hips, and stomachs, which may have had religious significance

A complex worldview of Australia's Aboriginal people that held that current humans live in an echo of ancestral happenings

The earliest widespread and distinctive culture of North America; named from the Clovis point, a particular kind of projectile point

The last phase of the great human migration that established a human presence in every habitable region of the earth. Austronesian-speaking people settled the Pacific island and Madagascar in a series of seaborne migrations that began around 3,500 years ago

In many early societies, a person believed to have the ability to act as a leasion between living humans and supernatural forces, often by means of trances induced by psychoactive drugs

The process by which some Paleolithic peoples moved toward permanent settlement in the wake of the last Ice Age. Settlement was marked by increasing storage of food and accumulation of goods, as well as growing inequalities in society

oldest religious structure. made by hunter gathers. Indicates that religion came before organization of labor, settlement and agriculture

A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates

a wild grass found in the highlands of Mexico, is the wild ancestor of maize

Is the process by which a characterictic spreads

(1500BCE to 500CE) As the Bantu people migrated, they spread the Bantu family of languages and culture. The Bantu also spread the use of iron, which improved farming techniques and agricultural efficiency, the greater food supply sparked economic development and population growth. The changes instigated by the Bantu migration increased the vitality of sub-Saharan Africa.

Based on the domestication of animals and use their products as main source of food. Groups move where there is foods but they are more settlers than nomads. Independent and warlike.

Good example of agricultural village society. Social structure, buried dead, many people, well built houses, specialization.

A society that is led by a ruler of decent, but seldom used force to lead their people. They relied on generosity, charisma, and leadership to rule.

The hundreds of Paleolithic painting discovered in Spain and France, dating to about 20,000 years ago; these paintings depict a range of animals, although human figures and abstract designs are also found.

Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, a European varient of Homo sapiens that died out about 25,000 years ago

relating to cultivated land or the cultivation of land

the name for the area of the Tigris-Euphrates river system, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq plus Kuwait, the eastern parts of Syria

dominant traders and merchants who created purple dye and established Carthage.

a member of the ancient Hebrew nation, especially in the period from the Exodus to the Babylonian Captivity

cities, government, trade, social structure, writing and art

renowned astrologers and astronomers.

extinct prehistoric culture found in the Andean highlands of Peru

a member of an ancient people living in what is now Israel and Palestine and, according to biblical tradition, descended from the patriarch Jacob, grandson of Abraham.

is an ancient Chinese belief/theory and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well, appropriately and fairly.

humanities first form of personal transport, used as a technological advancement in warfare and conquest.

an ancient city of SW Asia, on the Euphrates River, famed for its magnificence and culture: capital of Babylonia and later of the Chaldean empire.

was the first ruler of the Semitic-speaking Akkadian Empire, known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th to 23rd centuries BC.

an ancient empire in SW Asia: greatest extent from about 750 to 612 b.c. the Capital: Nineveh.

a member of an ancient people who established an empire in Asia Minor and Syria that flourished from circa 1700 to circa 1200 BCE

a class structure that is determined by birth. Loosely, it means that in some societies, if your parents are poor, you're going to be poor, too. Same goes for being rich