Chapter 13: Developmental Psychology

________ has identified the following three types of parenting styles.

In the ________, Harry and Margaret Harlow demonstrated that rhesus monkey infants need comfort and security as much as food.

In the ________, Mary Ainsworth studied human infant attachment.

________ can best be defined as biological readiness.

________ played a role in liberalizing Americans attitudes toward sexuality in the next decades.

Beginning in the 1930s, ________ posited that much child attachment behavior is innate.

________ in developmental psychology vary according to the questions being asked by the researcher.

________, like most aspects of psychology, must deal with the so- called nature- nurture debate.

________ also impacts development in important ways.

In the ________, sexual differentiation occurs and movement begins to develop.

those that conceptualize development as a single, continuous, unitary process and those that view it as occurring in discrete stages

Cognitive development refers to the development of learning, memory, reasoning, problem-solving, and related skills

he studied animal behavior and he based his ideas about attachment on his observations of imprinting in animals

The most influential theory of moral development was advanced by Lawrence Kohlberg, who expanded on an early theory proposed by Piaget

which posited that sexuality is not binary, either exclusively heterosexual or homosexual; rather, it exists along a continuum of attractions and practices.

did extensive, and very widely

from about twelve until death, the genital region becomes the primary source of sensual/sexual pleasure, unless traumas in prior stages have resulted in fixations.

from about six to twelve, there is no one particular part of the body that has the most importance for the developing mind.

from about three to six, children realize that they are boys or girls, and begin to puzzle out what that means.

from about two to three, toddlers learn that they are praised when they do well with toilet training, and are not praised (or even scolded) when they do not.

from birth to about two, the primary source of pleasure for the infant comes from sucking, as well as using the voice to cry out for caretakers.

elaborated a theory of psychosexual development.

may develop as children begin to blur the lines between stereotypical male and female roles in society.

is the development of an awareness of one’s own sexuality, including the identification of the self with a particular gender.

Parents have few expectations and are warm and non

Parents also expect compliance to rules but explain rules and encourage independence.

Parents have high expectations for their child to comply with rules without debate or explanation.

The child has an erratic relationship with the primary caretaker and with other adults.

The child may have a “stormy” relationship with the primary caretaker, is distressed when he or she leaves, and has difficulty being consoled after his or her return.

The child may be inhibited in the presence of the primary caretaker, and may pretend to not be distressed when he or she leaves.

The child is generally happy in the presence of the primary caretaker, is distressed when he or she leaves, but can be consoled again quickly after he or she returns.

in which a parent or primary guardian leaves a child with a stranger and then returns, Ainsworth recognized four attachment patterns.

studied human infant attachment.

is defined as the tendency to prefer specific familiar individuals to others.

posited that much child attachment behavior is innate.

demonstrated that rhesus monkey infants need comfort and security as much as food.

involves the ability to interact with others and with the social structures in which we live.

is the support system that allows a person to move across the zone of proximal development incrementally, with environmental supports, such as teachers and parents.

the idea that the amount of a substance does not change just because it is arranged differently.

seeing the world only from one’s own point of view

believing that all things are human

believing that all things are living.

the ability to use words to substitute for objects.

which develops during this stage, is the knowledge that objects continue to exist when they are outside the field of view.

proposed an influential theory of the cognitive development of children.

refers to the development of learning, memory, reasoning, problem

serve as the first voluntary movements performed by a child.

consists of organ formation and lasts until the beginning of the third month.

starts at conception.

are patterns of behavior that occur in a fixed sequence.

promote personal needs above the needs of society.

is one in which the needs of society are placed before the needs of the individual.

also impacts development in important ways.

refers to a time during which a skill or ability must develop; if the ability does not develop during that time, it probably will never develop or may not develop as well.

can best be defined as biological readiness.

emphasize the role of genetically programmed growth and development on the body, particularly on the nervous system.

which is the typical sequence of developmental changes for a group of people.

was the first to successfully champion the view that development occurs across an entire lifetime.

takes the view that development is not a process with a clear ending.