5.3-5.5

Spinning Jenny: Created by James Hargreaves, allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time

Water Frame: Created by Richard Arkwright, used waterpower to drive the spinning wheel

• More efficient than a single person’s labor & caused the textile cotton industry to move to factories

• Father of factory sys

Involved labor & production taking place at a single location (factories) that were built in urban areas close to rivers

Concentrated ppl in one area = increased urbanization = centralizing factory workforce

The transformation of human existence caused by the cultivation of plants via technology = increased productivity

Crop rotation: The rotation of different crops in & out of a field annually

Seed drill: Device that placed seeds in a designated spot on the ground

The transition from creating goods by hand to using machines leading to social, economic, & political effects

Started in England bc of…

• Access to water

• Raw Materials (huge deposits of coal/iron)

• Increased agricultural production (crop rotation, seed drill)

• Urbanization: more food, more ppl = move to cities = specialization

• Legal protection of private property

• Access to foreign resources (colonialism)

• Accumulation of capital = new investment

• Rise of factory system that resulted from cotton industry & spinning jenny/water frame

• Changes in labor (Interchangeable parts)

The increased mechanization of production & social changes leading to a spread from England to France/Germany (same natural resource advantage) and then to USA, Russia, & Japan

• USA: catapults country to most industrialized country in the world. Resulted from immigration (Human capital)

• Russia: focused on railroads & steel industry which increased trade (ex: trans-siberian railroad)

• Japan: defensive modernization. Only way to protect its traditional culture and stop western encroachment was to borrow western techniques

Merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes

To compete w/ Indian cotton (came from CR & ME), investors in Britain began to build their own cotton cloth industry using raw cotton produced by slave labor in the Americas

Hard work, low pay, & slow production

• Investors demanded faster production = used machinery to turn out cloth more efficiently

Idea by Eli Whitney to make parts identical so they can easily be replaced if a machine component broke

Allowed for mass production, so parts could be made by unskilled workers & led to division of labor

Government administration that fenced off the commons 2 give exclusive use of it 2 ppl who paid 4 the privilege OR bought the land

English towns traditionally allowed farmers to cultivate land/tend sheep on gov property known as ‘the commons’

Forced small farmers 2 move from rural to urban areas such as Manchester/Liverpool

The workforce that contributed to the US to become the most industrialized country in the world

Political upheaval, rural migrants, & widespread poverty caused mass immigration from Eur & E. Asia, providing the workforce in factories

EIC’s control over parts of India during the Mughal’s decline

Steep British tariffs led to India’s inability 2 mine

British began to close mines (Rajasthan) completely after the Rebellion of 1857 bc they believed the mines were used to extract lead 4 ammunition 4 uprisings

Mining was nonexistent until 20c where lack of technological innovation led to labor-intensive mining

• Created a false impression that India’s mineral resources were inaccessible

Patented the telephone

Sparked the creation of a gigantic communication network across the United States

Railroad that connected the Atlantic & Pacific Oceans, facilitating US industrial growth

Heavily subsidized by public funds

The ability to transport natural resources (timber, coal, iron, & oil) contributed to the development of the United States as an industrial nation

Created by James Watt, provided an inexpensive power source by harnessing coal power to create steam that generated energy for machinery in textile factories

Produced power for trains/ships = enabled quicker traveling

Coal also allowed for mass production of iron

Developments involving steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics in the late 19th to early 20th centuries

Involved US, Great Britain, & Germany

Bessemer process allowed for mass production of steel

Petroleum was discovered from the first commercial oil wells leading to automobile & airplanes w/ gasoline as fuel

Electricity was harnessed via generators = led to street trains & lighting

Led to increase in trade & migration