APUSH Unit 8

First African American to play in Major League Baseball, breaking the color barrier in 1947.

Refused to give up her seat to a white person. She was arrested which started the Montgomery Bus Boycott

The bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama aimed to desegregate buses and protest racial discrimination, advocating for equal rights for African Americans.

Desegregated schools with a landmark supreme court ruling

Group of nine African American students who enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957, facing intense opposition and segregation. Eisenhower sent the national guard to escort them to school safely

Civil rights leader known for promoting anti-violence. Wrote “letter from Birmingham Jail”

SCLC: Founded by MLK Jr. in 1957 to fight for civil rights through nonviolent protests. Played a key role in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s.

Started in Greensboro at Woolworth’s by 4 college students. African Americans sat at bars until they were served to protest segregation

Organization full of young people and students who led anti-violent protests separate from the SCLC

White and Black people rode buses together through the south to protest that anti-segregation laws weren’t being followed. Attacked and firebombed through the south. Demonstration was successful because they got JFK to ban segregation on interstate transportation.

A program in the 1960s aimed at increasing African American voter registration in the Southern United States, led by civil rights organizations.

Huge peaceful protest at the National Mall in Washington DC where MLK delivered his “I have a dream” speech

Civil rights campaign in 1964 to register African American voters in Mississippi, led by SNCC and CORE. Members were found dead.

The process of signing up to vote in an election, ensuring individuals are eligible and able to participate in the democratic process.

Party created by African Americans and white allies to challenge the democratic party of Mississippi who wouldn’t support civil rights legislation

Also called Bloody Sunday. Refers to a protest in Selma, AL led by MLK where protesters were tear gassed and beaten. It was highly publicized which drew attention to how bad civil rights were in the south

Law forcing states to end discriminatory voting practices

Civil rights leader and member of the Nation of Islam until his reformation. Criticized MLK and said non-violence didn’t work

Leader of the Nation of Islam who was friends with Malcolm X while Malcolm was still part of the union. Likely ended up ordering Malcolm X’s assassination

Movement created to emphasize black people in government and social organizations centered around Black interest and Black autonomy

Bold and violent group opposed to racism that carried loaded weapons and monitored police action to ensure Black people were safe. Their actions got the open carry of loaded weapons banned in California

Carmichael was a leader of the SNCC who advocated for Black Power and shifted the SNCC to be more radical

Allowed interracial marriage without discrimination

• Endorsed March on Washington

• Democrat from Massachusetts

• Narrowly beat Nixon

• LBJ vice president

• Sent military advisers to Vietnam

• Bay of Pigs Invasion and Cuban Missile Crisis

“Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country”- Emphasized everyone’s duty to their country (like joining the peace core)

Established by Kennedy with the goal to help promote a better understanding of Americans on the part of the people served & other people on the part of Americans. Combated the Soviet program that sent people abroad to spread communism

Program started by Kennedy to put a man on the moon. Accomplished in 1969 (after his assassination)

A barrier constructed by East Germany in 1961 to separate East Berlin from West Berlin, serving as a symbol of the Cold War division between East and West.

Kennedy deployed people to support the south Vietnamese people without fighting in the war. Provided aid and training.

Castro= communist leader of Cuba

Plan to overthrow Castro that Kennedy opposed. Said Khrushchev would see it as an act of aggression so he made the US military not get involved if something went wrong. It failed

Closest to nuclear war that the US got. Tense because of Soviet missiles in Cuba. US responded to ease tension by removing its missiles from Turkey

Leader of the Soviet Union in the 60s and 70s. Acted in the Bay of Pigs invasion and met with JFK at the Vienna Summit

JFK met with Khrushchev and said he wouldn’t leave West Berlin and would attack if the Soviet Union tried to do anything. This surprised Khrushchev who thought he was too young

Criticized the cult of domesticity in her book which used evidence to suggest that women wanted to grow their spheres of influence

Silent Spring was a book that brought environmental issues to the forefront of America. Specifically, Carson protested DDT (a pesticide)

• President after Kennedy was assassinated since he was his vice president.

• Championed the great society.

• Democrat from Texas

• Civil rights supporter and passed the CRA

Passed by LBJ: Outlawed discrimination and banned segregation in public places

Federal agency formed to enforce the laws passed from the CRA

Helped African Americans and other POC get into colleges

Johnson doubled spending to 2 billion to help the poor and was successful in decreasing poverty

Book exposing poverty in America that encouraged JFK to create economic advisors to start a “war on poverty”

LBJ’s platform to improve society:

• Peace and opportunity for everyone

• New government programs and social welfare legislation

• Education, healthcare, public housing, expanded transportation, defend civil liberties

• Food stamp act, upward bound

• Cabin DOT

• Elementary and secondary education act: funding for schools

• head start: preschools for working families

• Voting rights act: banned literacy tests and discrimination for African Americans

• PBS, NPR

• Civil rights act: outlawed discrimination

Guaranteed the right to a lawyer for everyone being prosecuted, regardless of if they can afford one or not

Students got in trouble for wearing black armbands to protest the Vietnam war and took it to the Supreme Court. They said students had freedom to protest as long as it didn’t interfere with classes

Rights listed before people are arrested or speak. “Right to remain silent, right to counsel”

Said abortions were legal within the first trimester regardless of state laws, but beyond that regulations were up to states