Biology Review (Large Set)

amount of energy needed to start a reaction

Bounded by peptide bonds; monomer of a protein

(monosaccharides) main source of energy for the cell; 1 gram = 4 calories

used in enzymes to lower the activation energy and speed up the reaction

Protein and Catalyst; have an active site and a substrate

(1 glycerol = 3 fatty acids) used for long term energy storage, make up the phospholipid bilayer; 1 gram = 9 calories

simple sugars, monomer for carbs (glucose and sucrose)

Made of nucleotides, function is to store genetic information which can be seen in DNA and RNA

bounded molecules made of carbon

(amino acids) referred to as the building blocks

All living things are made of cells; Cells come from other cells; Cells are the basic structure and function of an organism

How cells (stem cells) get their jobs

Cells that have a nucleus, large, complex (Ex. Plants and Animals)

Organisms composed of many cells (Ex. tissue, humans, etc.)

Small structures that perform various functions for the cell (reside within the cytoplasm)

Cells with no nucleus, small, simple (Ex. Bacteria)

Undifferentiated cells

Organisms composed of only one cell (Ex. Bacteria)

No energy required; transport of small and medium materials across the plasma membrane (Osmosis, Diffusion, and Facilitated Diffusion)

No energy required; transports molecules from high to low concentrations in order to even them out (for small materials)

No energy required; transports WATER from high to low concentrations in order to even them out

"Semi-active" uses transport proteins to help move material across the plasma membrane, but still doesn't require energy

Internal condition is balanced

Requires energy (ATP) for large molecules. Gets molecules across the cell through pumps and vesicles (endocytosis and exocytosis)

Molecules are "pumped" by a transport protein to get across the membrane, requiring energy

Used when molecules are too large to pass through the membrane, even with the help of a transport protein

Large molecules going INTO the cell

Large molecules going OUT of the cell

Drives diffusion; moves from left to right

Only in eukaryotic cells, holds DNA

Makes ATP, (Power house of the cell); Where Cellular Respiration occurs

Makes glucose for the plant; Where Photosynthesis occurs

Breaks down waste, food, etc.

Where molecules, waste, etc. is stored; Bigger in Plant Cells

Makes protein; Where translation in protein synthesis occurs

Transports Proteins; Has Ribosomes

Transports Proteins; Does not have Ribosomes

UPS of the cell; Sorts and packages molecules

Movement for Eukaryotes

Movement for Prokaryotes

Semi-permeable, therefore maintains homeostasis

Controls what goes in/out of the nucleus

Only in Plant Cells; supports and provides protection

dissolves nutrients, allowing diffusion to occur; holds all the organelles

Water only entering the cell, resulting in it being Lysed/Burst

Same amount of water entering the cell as existing, resulting in an equilibrium, normal Cell

Water only exiting the cell, resulting in it being shriveled

Doesn't require oxygen; includes Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcohol Fermentation of Cellular Respiration

Main source of energy for the cell; made in the Mitochondria. When used in the cell it turns into ADP and returns to the Mitochondria to be converted back

Stage of Cellular Respiration that requires Energy; includes the Krebs Cycle and ETC

In Anaerobic Respiration- pyruvates break down creating energy (found in muscles)

In Anaerobic Respiration- occurs mostly in yeast, pyruvates break down forming alcohol, CO2, and releasing energy

long thread of DNA containing genetic information

One of 2 strands of a chromosome that becomes visible during mitosis

region of chromosomes that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis

(fishing pole) cell organelle that produces spindle fibers

Fibers that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell and assists in the separation of chromosomes

Makes up chromosomes and copies itself during cell division, provides a blueprint for protein synthesis by specific arrangement of nitrogenous bases; Deoxyribose, Double Helix

Repeated pattern of growth and division that occurs in eukaryotes

Created at the end of mitosis, each has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell and will be identical to each other

Somatic Cells undergo this in order to repair and regrow, creating two identical diploid daughter cells

G1: growth

Preparing, Cell membrane begins to break down and spindle fibers form

Chromosomes line up in the middle and spindle fibers attach to the centromere

Spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids apart, pulling them away from the center of the cell

Cells membrane forms, spindle fibers retract, and chromosomes uncoil as the cell starts to become two

The division of the cytoplasm into two individual cells

Uncontrolled Cell Growth (tumor)

Sexual reproductive cell (egg and sperm)

Body cell (liver, skin, etc.)

(1n) one set of chromosomes (egg and sperm)

(2n) two sets of chromosomes from each parent

Cluster of four chromosomes, two from male and two from female, can exchange genetic information through crossing over

offspring (baby) where the egg and sperm meet

Allows for genetic diversity where the genetic information from male and female swap; occurs during Prophase I

Start with one diploid cell and end with four unique haploid cells

different forms of a gene (Ex. 'A')

Trait is always expressed if present

Trait is only seen if dominant allele isn't present

When an organism has two alike alleles for a trait (Ex. AA or aa)

When an organism has two different alleles for a trait (Ex. Aa)

Genetic makeup of an organism, revealing the types of alleles he/she has inherited (Ex. AA)

Physical appearance/characteristic of an organism (Ex. Blue eyes)

examines the inheritance of one trait

the first generation's offspring

the second generation's offspring

Offspring is a mixture of the parent's characteristics through multiple generations

A chart made to show inheritance patterns within a family

offspring contains BOTH parent's characteristics distinctly

Trait controlled by two or more genes (Ex. Skin color and Eye Color)

Exists for a particular trait even through only two alleles are inherited (Ex. Blood Type)

Involves genes on either the X or the Y chromosome; Passed most normally through the Y chromosome (Ex. Color blindness, Hemophilia)

Characteristic that can be passed from one parent to offspring

Passing of traits from parent to offspring

Study of Heredity, each somatic cell is a diploid where chromosomes are inherited from offspring's parent

Father of Genetics; responsible of the Law of Inheritance