unit 4 apush final

reduced military size, repealed excise tax, lowered national debt. suspended alien & sedition acts, maintained national banks & neutral foreign policy. judicial review establishes, Louisiana purchased. passed embargo acts in response to murder of 3 Americans, but it did more bad than good.

1808, federalists gained congress seats after the failed embargo acts

nonintercourse act - after embargo repealed, America could trade with any nation other than Britain & france

war of 1812 ~

british allied w natives who attempted pan-tribal cooperation. war hawks argued that the way to defend America was to go to war against Britain and the natives. New England merchants, quids, and federalist politicians were against war, feared losing trading relationships & sympathized with british over French. war opposed dem-rep ideas of limited federal power. ended with no gain for either side. federalist part came to an end. Us gained respect, natives were forced to cede land, Jackson was a war hero, stronger nationalism

end of partisan division and Federalist Party. spirit of nationalism & optimism. dem-rep party adopted some federalist policies. debates over tariffs, national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales sectional tension over slavery.

congress raised tariffs in order to protect us manufacturers from European competition. political factions & sectional differences became more prominent.

American system ~ protective tariffs, national bank, and internal improvements proposed by Henry Clay. Monroe vetoed

panic of 1819 ~ first major financial panic caused by second bank tightening credit to control inflation

Missouri compromise ~ congress attempts to preserve sectional balance between north and south. Missouri is a slave state, Maine is a free state, and no new states above a line can have slaves. preserved sectional balance. Americans were torn between nationalism & sectionalism

treaty of 1811 ~ improved relations between US & Britain. established wester US-Canada border

Florida purchase treaty of 1819 ~ Spain gave up all its land claims to the US except for texas

Monroe Doctrine ~ asserted the western hemisphere as a US sphere of influence, warned European nations not to colonize in the Americas

Fletcher v Peck ~state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract

Martin v. Hunters Lease ~ SCOTUS had jurisdiction over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights

Dartmouth College v. Woodward ~ contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state

McCulloch v. Madison ~ state could not tax a federal institution

Cohens v. Virginia ~ SCOTUS could review a state court’s decision involving any powers of the fed gov

Gibbons v Ogden ~ federal government’s broad control of interstate commerce

religious revivals that swept through the United States in the early 19th century. reaction to rationalism and puritan teachings of original sin. successful preachers were audience centered and easily understood by the uneducated. every individual could be saved through faith and hard work. mormon church founded by Joseph smith 1830. this event caused division between the new evangelical sects & the older protestant churches

Emerson and Thoreau questioned doctrines of established churches & business practices of the merchant class. argued for a mystical & intuitive way of thinking as a means for discovering ones inner self supported anti-slavery movements, encouraged nationalistic spirit, used nature to discover truths about life & the universe

romanticism ~ writers and artists shifted away from enlightenment emphasis on balance, order, and reason toward feeling, intuition, individual acts of heroism, and the study of nature.

Brook Farm ~ people living out transcendentalist ideals in an experimental community. atmosphere of artistic creativity, innovative school, & appeal to elites

Shakers ~ religious communal movement which kept men and women strictly separate

amena colonies ~ germans who belonged to pietist religious reform movements

new harmony ~ non religious experiment by reformer Robert owen

oneida community ~ dedicated to an ideal of perfect social & economic equality

temperance ~ because of social ills & high alcohol consumption, reformers & protestant ministers founded the American temperance society. society wanted drinkers to take pledge of abstinence, thought of alcoholism as a disease, those who opposed didn’t have the political power to do anything about it

humanitarian reforms ~ called attention to criminals & mentally ill people, setting up public institutions, mental hospitals, & state supported prisons was proposed

social reforms ~ to establish free public school, reformers wanted children to learn more principles, catholics wanted private schools

religious enthusiasm fueled the growth of private colleges

Elizabeth Stanton & Susan B Anthony led the campaign for equal voting, and property rights for women. int the 1850’s slavery issues overshadowed women’s issues.

cult of domesticity ~ idealized view of women as moral leaders in the home

Seneca falls convention ~ first women’s rights convention in American history, issued the declaration of sentiments & listed women’s grievances

liberty party ~ campaign pledge to bring about the end of slavery by political & legal means

PA’s lancaster turnpike’s success stimulated the construction of privately built roads. state’s rights blocked federal spending on internal improvements. Erie Canal linked western farms with eastern cities; more clans were built. improved transportation lowered food prices, led to more western settlers, and brought stronger economic ties between 2 coasts.

factories boomed after the invention of the rifle with interchangeable parts. NY passed tax to allow businesses to sell shares of stock, embargo and war of 1812 stimulated domestic manufacturing. as factories expanded, growth of financial businesses happened. textile mills recruited women, northern factories hired immigrants, unions were organized as factories grew. specialized jobs were struggling, there was discontent in factory workers, cotton became more profitable after cotton gin

factories caused standardization of time, most people worked for wages, end of self-sufficient households. women gained more control over their lives, still legally restricted (couldn’t vote). growing gap between poor and wealthy, social mobility was generational, economic opportunities were better in the US than Europe. cotton industry was rapidly growing & expansion of slavery into new states ended hopes for quiet end to slavery

connected by transportation routes, interconnected with west, prominent agriculture, most populous region. economic growth was based on farming and industrial innovation. workers were dependent on wages, periodic depressions limited improvements for workers. African Americans represented 50% of all free African Americans (still discrimination and no voting rights)

majority of remaining natives lived here, nomadic way of life for many tribes. represented the possibility of a fresh start & greater freedom for all ethnic groups. daily life was similar to colonists, disease and malnutrition were common dangers, women had shorter lifespans. soil was exhausted and forests were cleared

foundation of economy was agriculture (mainly cotton). wealth was measured by land and slaves, slaves made up 75% of population. southern leg increased restriction on movement & education to slave codes. cotton boom led to increase in slaves, increasingly isolated and defensive about slavery.

congress lowered price of land to encourage migration, Adams-Onis treaty acquired Florida from Spain Monroe doctrine & position of neutrality drove US’s foreign policy

Louisiana purchase ~ gave US access to western territory, Lewis & Clark explored it

War of 1812 ~ fought to gain control of western territories from british, british with natives tried to resist frontier settlers.

John Quincy Adams ~ negotiated treaty pf Ghent & US-Canada border. wrote Monroe doctrine in response to central & South American independence movements

Native American removal ~ war of 1812 caused millions of acres to be ceded, Jackson supported Georgian frontier settlers against Cherokee. Indian Removal Act 1830 - natives had to move to land dedicated for them

Cherokee Nation v Georgia ~ Cherokee were not a sovereign nation under fed gov

Worcester v Georgia ~ state didn’t have right to tell Cherokees what to do (A.Jack defied ruling)

Trail of Tears ~ 3000 Cherokee deaths while being forced to relocate in winter

Manifest Destiny ~ belief that US had a divine mission to extend its power & civilization across north america

by 1830, Americans outnumbered Mexicans in Texas by 3:1, tension raised when Mexico outlawed slavery & required immigrants to become catholic. America refused & Mexico closed off Texas to American immigrants. Americans ignored prohibition, revolted, & declared Texas as an independent republic. Mexican general was captured by Sam Hourston who applied for Texas to become a state. annexation was rejected in 1844, northerners opposed the annexation.

Aroostook War ~ conflict btw rival groups of lumbermen on Maine-Canada border. resolved in Webster-Ashburton Treaty (disputed territory was split btwn ME & BC)

US based its claims to Oregon/Pacific territory on discovery of Columbia river, expedition of lewis & clark, fur trading posts, & for in Astoria Oregon.

Protestant missionaries & farmers settled in Willamette valley in 1840’s, after having success, 5,000 Americans got Oregon fever & moved down the Oregon trail to settle there

US wanted to persuade Mexico to sell California & New Mexico & settle the Mexico-texas border dispute.mexican army crossed rio grande & captured an American army, congress approved war resolutions. US took Santa Fe, southern CA, vera cruz, & Mexico City, forcing Mexico to agree to US terms.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) ~ Mexico recognized rio grande as souther border of Texas, US took possession of CA & NM after paying $15M

cotton gin & opportunity for land expansion resulted in expansion of slavery & creation of Deep South. antislavery movements increased in north. southerners argued that slavery was a positive good. Missouri compromise was created