CH - 6 CELL COMMUNICATION

signal transmission : reception : signal transduction : response

cell must synthesize and release signaling molecules

large proteins that bind with specific signaling molecules (binds on the surface of the cell)

a cell convert extracellular signal into an intracellular signal and relays the signal

alteration of some cell process

chemical : electric/energy : temporary contact : junctions

interleukins : neurotransmitters : growth factors : hormones

involved in communication between cells of the immune system

signal between neurons of the nervous system

stimulate cell growth, division, and development

regulate sexual development and reproduction

a local regulator diffuses to target cells

hormones are transported to distant target cells

-Cells in the ear receive sound waves and convert them to electrical signals

cell adhesion molecules (CAM) on the surface of certain immune system cells allow for cells to home to sites of damage and infection

some cells are joined with junctions allowing signals to flow freely between their cytoplasms

binds to a specific receptor and triggers a response

bind to protein receptors on the surface of target cells

move through the plasma membrane and bind with intracellular receptors found in the cytosol or nucleus

increases the number of receptors synthesized, and amplifies the signaling molecule's effect

transporting receptors to lysosomes, where they are destroyed

found in the plasma membrane; convert chemical signals into electrical signals; ion channel opens or closes in response to binding of the signaling molecule

transmembrane proteins with an outside binding site for a signaling molecule, and an internal binding site for a specific G protein; couple signaling molecules to transduction pathways in the cell

transmembrane proteins with a binding site for a signaling molecule outside the cell and an enzyme component inside the cell

an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to the amino acid tyrosine on a substrate protein

adds phosphate to activate a target

catalyzes the removal of a phosphate group

GABA ______ when chloride ions enter the cell

when _______ G protein has one subunit linked to a GDP

signaling molecule binds to receptor & GDP is replaced by GTP

energy

deactivated

the signaling molecule is the ______ messenger

information relayed by G protein to a ______ messenger

amplify signals inside the cell

is a second messenger

some G proteins use ______ as second messengers

splits into IP3 and DAG

used for neural signaling by binding to certain proteins that activate enzymes

helps regulate metabolism, muscle contraction, memory, inflammation, and apoptosis

ligand-receptor complex binds to region of DNA → activates/represses genes

transmembrane proteins that transduce signals in two different directions

open or close (ex: neurotransmitters)

is altered (ex: receptors on site blood cells)

may be turned on or off

some tyrosine kinase receptors activate _______

small G proteins that are active when bound to GTP

proteins in the MAP pathway phosphorylate combines to form a transcription factor