elicited / respondent behavior: behavior (involuntary) drawn out by preceding stimulus

reflex: automatic response to a stimulus

• startle response: defensive response to unexpected stimulus

• orienting response: body movement to position ourselves toward a stimulus

• reflex arc: neural structure underlying some reflexes

  • bypassing conscious thought

fixed action patterns (instincts)

• elicited by a specific stimulus (species-specific)

• sign stimulus / releaser: specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern

• adaptive responses, evolved to cope with consistent aspects of the environment

  • can become maladaptive due to sudden changes in environment

opponent-process theory of emotion

• explains aftereffects of strong emotional responses

• two competing processes

  • primary / a process: directly elicited by the event

  • opponent / b process: serves to counteract primary process and maintain homeostasis

• the repeated presentations of an emotional event diminishes primary process response and increases strength of b process

classical conditioning: stimulus elicits response because it is associated w another stimulus

• conditioned stimulus (cs): initially neutral, elicited response when paired w unconditioned stimulus

• conditioned response: often similar to ur, elicited by cs

appetitive conditioning: seek out this stimulus

aversive conditioning: avoid this stimulus

suppression ratio: (number of responses emitted during cs period)/(number of cs responses and number of pre-cs responses)

excitatory conditioning: ns associated with presentation of us

inhibitory conditioning: ns associated with absence / removal of us

temporal conditioning: ns / cs is the passage of time

pseudoconditioning: elicited response that appears to be a cr but it actually the result of sensitization

• sensitization

  • nonassociative learning

  • increase in strength of elicited behavior following repeated presentations of eliciting stimulus

  • opposite of habituation

  • overgeneralization of response

  • effects usually disappear when stimulus is not presented for a period of time

from most to least effective:

• delayed conditioning

• trace conditioning

• simultaneous

• backward