fundamental
more important than anything else
exclusively
only
engaged in
to take part in something
anticipate
to imagine or expect that something will happen
countless
very many, or too many to be counted
recruit
to persuade someone to work for a company or become a new member of an organization, especially the army
tank
a large military fighting vehicle designed to protect those inside it from attack, driven by wheels that turn inside moving metal belts
essence
relating to the most important characteristics or ideas of something
proficient
skilled and experienced
comrade
a friend, especially one who you have been involved in difficult or dangerous, usually military, activities with
broken (French)
unable to speak or write a language well
can't make (yourself) understood
to be unable to communicate effectively
communication breakdown
a failure to communicate
pronounce
to say a word or a letter in a particular way
native speaker
someone who has spoken a particular language since they were a baby, rather than having learned it as a child or adult
misunderstand
to think you have understood someone or something when you have not
strong accent
the way in which people in a particular area, country, or social group pronounce words
first language
the language that someone learns to speak first
incomprehensible
impossible or extremely difficult to understand
dialect
a form of a language that people speak in a particular part of a country, containing some different words and grammar, etc.
follow
to understand something as it is being said or done
interpret
to decide what the intended meaning of something is
language barrier
the situation in which people are unable to communicate as a result of speaking different languages
body language
the movements or positions of your body that show other people how you are feeling, without using words
gesture
a movement of the hands, arms, or head, etc. to express an idea or feeling
facial expression
the look on someone's face, showing what they feel or think
fluent
When a person is fluent, they can speak a language easily, well, and quickly
illustration
a picture in a book, magazine, etc. or the process of illustrating something
aggression
spoken or physical behaviour that is threatening or involves harm to someone or something
verbal
spoken rather than written
peer
a person who is the same age or has the same social position or the same abilities as other people in a group
hypothesis
an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved
bilingual
able to use two languages equally well
scholar
a person who studies a subject in great detail, especially at a university
subject
a person involved in a study, often scientific
elicit
to get or produce something, especially information or a reaction
persona
the particular type of character that a person seems to have and that is often different from their real or private character
inherent
existing as a natural or basic part of something
assertive
not afraid to say what you want or believe
forceful
stating your opinions strongly and demanding action or answers
self-conscious
nervous or uncomfortable because you’re worried about what others think about you
expressive
showing what you think or feel
modest
not saying much about yourself or your abilities or achievements
conceited
too proud of yourself and your actions and abilities
impulsive
suddenly deciding to do something and not thinking much about the result
self-assured
having confidence in your own abilities
unavoidable
impossible to avoid
creole
a language that has developed from a mixture of languages
derived from
to come from something
urban dweller
a person who lives in an urban area, e.g. a city
working knowledge
a knowledge of how something works without any deeper understanding of why it works
whopping
extremely large
lingua franca
a language used for communication between groups of people who speak different languages
trait
a particular characteristic that can produce a particular type of behaviour