Biology

Process where DNA is copied into RNA

Process where RNA is converted into Protein

Process where DNA is duplicated to form new DNA strands

RNA can be replicated (in viruses) and RNA can be transcribed to DNA

Ribosomes translate mRNA in groups of three nucleotides

Three-nucleotide sequences on mRNA that code for specific amino acids

RNA molecules with anticodons complementary to mRNA codons

Presence of multiple codons coding for the same amino acid

AUG, codes for methionine and initiates translation

UAA, UGA, UAG, signals the end of translation

Flexibility in the third base of the codon during translation

Pairing of bases in RNA that deviates from the typical Watson-Crick base pairing

A change in the DNA sequence

One nucleotide substitution, three types (nonsense, missense, and silent)

Results in the same amino acid

Results in a new amino acid

Results in a STOP codon

Addition of nucleotides

Subtraction of nucleotides

Insertion or Deletion of a number of nucleotides that are not divisible by three

Alters the reading frame, can lead to changes in the protein sequence, and can lead to a premature stop codon

Messenger RNA, codes for proteins

Transfer RNA, carries amino acid to mRNA/Ribosome during translation

Ribosomal RNA, component of ribosomes

Catalytic, biological enzymes

RNA polymerase binds to promoter

RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA

What RNA polymerase uses to create a complementary RNA molecule

The template strand of DNA

The coding strand

DNA dependent

When RNA Polymerase reaches this site, transcription stops

The RNA molecule created by RNA polymerase undergoes several modifications to form mRNA

No, and it is error prone!

Nucleus

Addition of a methylated guanine at the 5’ end of RNA polymerase

Addition of a Poly A-Tail to the 3’ end

Protect the RNA from degradation and promote translation

Non-Coding Regions (Introns) are removed, leaving the coding regions (Exons)

One pre-mRNA molecule can be spliced in multiple ways to produce multiple protein products from a single gene

complexes of proteins and small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs)

Carries out splicing, snRNPs binded to pre-mRNA

Ribose and Deoxyribose

Backbone of RNA, 2’ and 3’ OH groups

Backbone of DNA, 3’ OH group, loss of 2’ OH group increases stability of DNA

Purines and Pyrimidines

Adenine and Guanine, two fused rings

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

In DNA only

In RNA only

Five Carbon Sugar + Nitrogeneous Base, can be phosphorylated to form nucleotides

Nucleoside + Phosphate, Building block of RNA and DNA, and important source of energy for metabolic processes (Ex: ATP)

AT or AU has 2 hydrogen bonds, CG has 3 hydrogen bonds

Double helix formed between two antiparallel single-stranded DNA molecules

A polymer of deoxynucleotides held together by phosphodiester bonds (sugar phosphate backbone)

By base stacking and hydrogen bonds between the nitrogeneous bases

Process by which a DNA/RNA molecule binds to a complementary DNA/RNA molecule

A lab technique hybridization is used in

Process of producing identical copies of DNA, occurs in all living organisms, basis for the inheritance of genetic material

Double-stranded DNA is separated into two pieces of single-stranded DNA molecules, each single-stranded DNA serves as a template for the creation of a new complementary strand, and results in two new identical strands composed of one old and one new strand

Specific point in DNA where DNA replication is initiated

One origin of replication and one circular chromosomes

Multiple linear chromosomes and many origins of replication

A DNA Replication enzyme, separates double-stranded DNA to form a replication fork with two single-stranded DNA templates

Relieves strain while unwinding DNA

Synthesizes a short fragment of RNA complementary to the single-stranded DNA

Continuously adds nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction

Is synthesized continuously

Requires multiple RNA primers and is synthesized in fragments (Okazaki Fragments)

Seals the gaps between two DNA fragments

Replaces RNA primer with DNA

Has proofreading activity and is a DNA dependent polymerase

Is a DNA dependent Polymerase

The lagging strand cannot be fully replicated by DNA polymerase in Eukaryotes

In Eukaryotes, the ends of the chromosomes that have a repeating nucleotide sequence

To protect the chromosome from degradation

RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (Reverse Transcriptase) that can extend telomeres

Histones

Proteins that help to package and organize DNA in Eukaryotes

Electrostatic interactions

Negative Charge

Amino acids with positive charges

DNA wrapped around octamers of a histone proteins

“Beads on a chain” structure

Coiling of Chromatin

Super coiling of 30nm fibers

Enzymes for supercoiling DNA

Do not have histones and pack their DNA by supercoiling

Contain the majority of protein coding sequences

Mostly non-coding but are involved in gene expression regulation, is highly variable and used in forensics testing

Adjacent repetitions of DNA

Tandem repeats between 10-60 nucleotides

Tandem repeats <10 nucleotides

The result of microsatelities/short tandem repeats

Lightly packed form of chromatin, DNA can be actively transcribed

Densely packed form of chromatin, DNA cannot be transcribed

Repetitive DNA with structural roles (Ex: Centromeres and Telomeres)

Coding regions of DNA that have been silenced