Apush Chapter 26-28 Review

established in 1977 as a response to the energy crisis (OPEC raised crude oil prices, high energy costs, had to cut back on energy). Aimed to address the country’s energy needs, promote energy conservation, and develop alternative energy sources.

one of the nuclear reactors at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania experienced a partial meltdown. Radioactive waste in the surrounding environment. Raised public concern over safety of nuclear energy.

In 1977, President Carter issued a pardon to those who had evaded the draft and refused to serve in the military during the war. (was a promise made in his 1976 election campaign to end bitter divisions)

High inflation, high unemployment, slow economic growth. Carter cut federal spending and promoted energy conservation. Did not yield the desired results. Ppl confidence in government's ability to fix the economic problems declined.

Egyptian President Anwar Sadat & Israeli PM Menachem Begin met @ Camp David for peace talks & signed agreement. a) Egypt formally recognizes Israel’s right to exist. b) Israel agrees to withdraw from Sinai peninsula.

was to cut back on the nuclear weaponry of the US & USSR b/c it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the # of weapons produced. Not passed by Senate as retaliation for USSR invasion of afghanistan.

pro-western Shah of Iran overthrown by Muslim Fundamentalist under the Ayatollah Khomeini. Carter put pressure on the Shah to allow more freedom & freeing of political prisoners, which led to the overthrow of the Shah. When oil sales resumed under the new regime, they were inconsistent and less→ higher prices. Saudi Arabia and other OPEC nations increased production to offset the impact.

USSR invaded to support communist groups. Carter then boycotted the 1980 olympics in Moscow & embargoed American grain shipments to the soviet union.

Called for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of Panama. They provided for the transfer of canal ownership to Panama in 1999 and guaranteed its neutrality

anti-American Muslim student militants stormed U.S. embassy in Tehran and took American hostages, demanding that the U.S. return the exiled Shah who had arrived in the U.S. two weeks earlier for cancer treatments. Carter first tried economic sanctions to force the release of the hostages, but this failed. He then tried a commando rescue mission, but that had to be aborted. The stalemate hostage situation dragged on for most of Carter's term, and the hostages were never released until January 20, 1981-the inauguration day of Ronald Reagan.

of “Red” China, resumed all diplomatic relations.

1980 SOU Address, states that the US would use military force if necessary to defend its national interests in the Persian Gulf.

Sunbelt suburbanites and urban working class ethnics; antigovernment crusaders and advocates of a more aggressive foreign policy.

believed in freeing the individual from restraint and the Christian Right (sought to restore traditional values).

Desired a reinvigorated anticommunist crusade.

Cold Warriors came together in a powerful conservative coalition. They rose to power because of the end of the postwar economic boom (1973) and Carter’s inability to address it.

a group of intellectuals who argued the 1960s caused a decline in moral standards and respect for authority. Believed government social programs did more harm than good.

sought to restore traditional moral values to American life.

He founded the self-proclaimed moral majority and was a leading conservative activist of the 70s and 80s. He helped make evangelical Christians ally with the republican party.

Conservative Americans; many old ones who served in Vietnam.

devoted to waging a “war against sin” and electing “pro-life, pro-family, and pro-America” candidates to office, anti Equal rights amendment.

Trying to bring religion in harmony with secular concerns.

Evangelical Protestantism fluorised, new denominations. Carter was the first “born again” christian to become president.

Candidates the moral majority wanted.

Decision began among roman catholics (condemned abortion). Movement insisted that life begins with conception. Against those who believed in a woman’s right to choose.

Equal RIghts Amendment; It was approved by Congress and sent to states for ratification; designed to take out obstacles for the full participation of women in public life. It aroused protest from ppl who wanted women to be homemakers

opposition to feminism

Walter Mondale was 1st presidential candidate to have a woman vice president (Ferraro). Ferraro was the first woman to appear on a major-party presidential ticket.

Reagan cut taxes, deregulation (rolling back on communism), strengthening national defense, traditional values, and limited government intervention.

a conservative movement that emerged in the 1970s and gained momentum during Reagan's presidency. It emphasized a strong anti-communist stance, pro-business economic policies, and moral and religious conservatism.

Reagan aimed to reduce the size and influence of the federal government, promote free-market capitalism, lower taxes, and increased military spending.

reducing taxes → money saved in banks → banks loan money to businesses → businesses invest $ → increase in productivity

It was characterized by a widening wealth gap, deregulation, and a focus on corporate interests.

economic policies, including tax cuts and increased military spending, led to big budget deficits (and even trade deficits as a result). The federal government spent more money than it collected in revenue, resulting in a growing national debt.

aimed to shift power and responsibilities from the federal government to state and local governments

A federal law passed to boost the economy, reduce inflation and increase employment. The largest income tax reduction in history. The law gave corporations tax breaks and cut taxes on capital gains, gifts, and inheritances.

aimed to address the issue of missing and abducted children by improving coordination between law enforcement agencies. Authorized attorney general to collect and exchange information.

sought to protect the rights of crime victims and provide them with support and assistance + guidelines for how officials respond to victims & witnesses.

across the board spending cuts and was designed to get the federal deficit under control and mandated a balanced budget by 1991.

to amend, revise, and reform the status of unauthorized immigrant employees here because of the Immigration and Nationality Act.

Tower Commission’s devastating report that placed much of the bungled Iran-Contra affair on Reagan’s loose management style.

Despite Reagan's offensive position on feminism, he did name this woman as the first female Supreme Court justice

Upper income groups enjoyed higher incomes from a deregulated marketplace, but the standards of living for the middle class declined.

Escalated nuclear arms race by authorizing the Defense Department to construct a complex anti-missile defense system system in outer space that would intercept and destroy Soviet missiles in flight

Dow Jones dropped 508 points → panic among investors and people were selling stocks like crazy, but there were no buyers available. Led to significant loss of money for many.

Tax cuts + large military spending created deficit. As a result, debt tripled over Reagan’s term.

Technology like transistors and microprocessors made computers smaller and more accessible. Apple even created a computer for home use, and IBM followed suit with the production of PCs.

Young urban professionals who were focused on career success, material wealth, and a lavish lifestyle. Had high paying jobs and flaunted their wealth. Greed is good mentality.

U.S. provided overt and covert aid to anti-communist guerrillas and resistance movements in an effort to "rollback" Soviet-backed communist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. To diminish Soviet influence, while opening the door for capitalism (and liberal democracy).

just moments after Reagan was inaugurated as president, they were released after the signing of the Algiers Accords (US agreed to release Iranian assets frozen during the crisis and not interfere in Iran's internal affairs.)

Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. Began nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe.

Beirut, Lebanon. Suicide bomber in a truck loaded with explosives crashed to US Marine barracks; >200 marines killed; Reagan withdrew troops (suffered no political damage)

US launches air strikes against Libya in retaliation for the Libyan sponsorship of terrorism against American troops and citizens. The raid involved 100+ U.S. Air Force and Navy aircraft.Five military targets and "terrorism centers" were hit, including the headquarters of Libyan leader Muammar al-Qaddafi.

the Congress of People’s Deputies elected Gorbachev as the new president of the Soviet Union. The victory revealed serious weaknesses in Gorbachev’s power base. 2 reforms-

1985, Geneva Switzerland- first meeting in 8 years between both, to hold talks on international diplomatic relations and the arms race.

Provided support to Corazon Aquino, president of the Philippines in 1986 after the People Power Revolution ousted the authoritarian regime of Ferdinand Marcos.

Iraq invaded Iran, and resulted in a long stalemate. The US provided support to Iraq (viewed it as counterbalance to Iran’s revolutionary government).

Reagan administration sold weapons to Iran in hopes of freeing American hostages in Lebanon; money from the arms sales was used to aid the Contras (anti-Communist insurgents) in Nicaragua, even though Congress had prohibited this assistance. Eventually his aides take the blame but his cred. damaged.

Signed at Washington summit in 1987 between US and USSR (Reagan and Gorbachev), banning all nuclear & ground launched intermediate-range missiles from Europe.

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). Orbiting battle stations in space fighting missiles. Couldn't pay for or create it, just to spite Soviets.

1987 in a speech delivered in West Berlin, Reagan told Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall, was a powerful statement.

Tearing down the Berlin Wall in 1989 reunited Germany and ended communist regimes in the region.

Countries in the region transitioned to market-based economies and embraced capitalism. Adoption of free market principles, privatization of state-owned enterprises, and the integration of these countries into the global economy.

He attacked Bush and Clinton by saying they didn’t know how to deal with recession and debt. People supported him at first but it waned closer to election day -- Clinton won by a substantial margin.

prohibited discrimination in hiring and promotion against ppl with disabilities and required that entrances be accessible to them.

set air quality standards for carbon monoxide and other chemicals to decrease air pollution.

Bush’s tax cuts and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan contributed to debt.

Made vast new efficiencies; sale of information occupied the central place held by manufacturing.

First developed during WWII to solve scientific problems and do hard calculations. The 1960s spurred development of improved computers.

Denies laws that vary the salaries of Congress members until the next terms of office come.

Bush said he wouldn’t raise taxes.

Bish dispatched troops to Panama to overthrow General Noreiga’s government (former ally of the US who became involved in the drug trade). Success! New government & Noriega tried in Florida.

Iraq annexed Kuwait (oil rich) on the Persian Gulf.

Iraqi Dictator; He remained in place in Kuwait despite US warnings.

Oil supplier for the US; The US retained a large military establishment

Student demonstrators occupied the area in Beijing, demanding greater democracy in China.

There were pro democracy demonstrations in Eastern Europe and Gorbachev said the Soviets would not intervene. The Berlin wall was demolished and Germany was reunified.

A group of military leaders attempted to seize power and overturn the government’s plan to grant more autonomy to various parts. Gorbechav was restored to office but resigned from the communist party. Many nations declared themselves sovereign → no more Soviet Union and 15 new nations instead.

1991 = teardown of the Berlin Wall. East Germany was absorbed and the nation was reunified.

Mainly dealt with nuclear disarmament and strengthening power cooperation on economic and security problems.

won 20 million popular votes but 0 electoral votes

combined Social liberalism (abortion + gay rights + affirmative action) & conservatism (less gov’t bureaucracy + ending welfare) → used this to win the democratic nomination.

was abolished in 1996 by Clinton– grants of money to states replaced it.

policy about homosexuality in the military. Prohibits any homosexual or bisexual person from disclosing his or her sexual orientation or from speaking about any homosexual relationships, including marriages or other familial attributes, while serving in the United States armed forces. The "don't ask" part of the policy indicates that superiors should not initiate investigation of a service member's orientation in the absence of disallowed behaviors, though mere suspicion of homosexual behavior can cause an investigation.

First woman to have become the United States Secretary of State. She was nominated by U.S. President Bill Clinton, approved by unanimous senate vote.

Planned to address rising cost of healthcare & increasing # of Americans who lacked health insurance. Failed b/c doctors, health insurance, & drug companies attacked the plan + too complex for voters + would expand federal bureaucracy. Therefore never passed.

Legislation that made deep cuts in welfare grants and required able-bodied welfare recipients to find employment.

In 1994 midterms, Republicans gained majority in both houses. Setback for the Clinton administration. Led to Contract w/ America.

Republican campaign which promised to curtail the scope of government, cut taxes & environmental+economic regulations, overhaul welfare system, and end affirmative action.

Standoff between this religious cult and federal law enforcement in Waco. Ended in a tragic fire.

in response to a government raids → truck bomb exploded

Charges against him included perjury and obstruction of justice related to his extramarital affair with Monica Lewinsky (WH intern). HOR impeached Clinton, but he was acquitted by the Senate.