anatomy unit 5

where are the hormones of the hypothalamus stored

hypothalamus

what is the posterior pituitary

downward growth of brain tissue that releases hormones

what is the function of oxytocin

stimulate uterine contractions

what is the function of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

stimulates reabsorption of water within the kidneys

what are the two hormones that the hypothalamus produces

oxytocin and antidiuretic

what bone does the pituitary gland sit in

sella turcica

where is the anterior pituitary

grows up from roof of mouth, produces many hormones

what is the function of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

stimulates release of thyroid hormone from thyroid gland

what is the function of prolactin (PRL)

stimulates milk production within mammary glands

what is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

stimulates release of other hormones from adrenal gland

what is the function of growth hormone (GH)

stimulates growth of most tissues within the body

what is the function of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

stimulates oocyte/sperm production within overies/testes

what is the function of luteinizing hormone (LH)

stimulates ovulation from oocyte/stimulates testosterone

what is the function of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

stimulates melanin synthesis in melanocytes

what is the characteristics of thyroid gland

largest gland, inferior to larynx, anterior to trachea, highly vascularized, produces 2 hormones

what are the hormones the thyroid gland produces

thryroid hormone (TH), calcitonin

what is the function of thyroid hormone

stimulates metabolism in most cells

what is the function of calcitonin

decrease calcium levels in body by inhibiting osteoclasts

what are the characteristics of parathyroid glands

4 small nodules on posterior side of thyroid gland

what is the hormone that the parathyroid glands produce

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

what is the function of the parathyroid hormone

increase calcium levels in body by stimulating osteoclast activity

what are the adrenal glands (suprarenal glands)

top of kidneys, broken into different sections

label the layers of the adrenal cortex from superficial to deep

zona glomerulosa> zona fasiculata> zona reticularis > adrenal medulla

what is the main hormone of the zona glomerulosa

aldosterone

what is the function of the zona glomerulosa

stimulates sodium reabsorption in kidneys

what is the main hormone of the zona fasciculata

cortisol

what is the function of the zona fasciculata

stimulates glucose formation in liver

what is the main hormone of the zona reticularis

androgens

what is the function of the zona reticularis

stimulates 'masculinizing' traits

what is the main hormone of the adrenal medulla

epinephrine

what is the function of the adrenal medulla

stimulates sympathetic nervous response

what are the characteristics of the kidneys

urinary organ with some endocrine cells within the organ

what are the hormones that the kidneys secrete

calcitriol and erythropoietin (EPO)

what is the function of calcitriol

stimulates calcium absorption in small intestine

what is the function of erythropoietin (EPO)

stimulates red blood cell formation in bone marrow

what is the characteristics of pancreas

organ below diaphragm and deep to stomach

contains exocrine (secretes enzymes) and endocrine ( hormones

what are the hormones the pancreas secretes

glucagon and insulin

what is the function of glucagon

stimulates liver cells to release glucose into blood (increase glucose levels)

what is the function of insulin

stimulates most cells to uptake glucose from blood (decrease glucose levels)

what are the charatceristics of the thymus

superficial and superior to heart, shrinks as we age

what hormone does the thymus produce

thymosin

what is the function of the thymus

stimulates maturation of T cells (immune cells)

what is the characteristics of the testes

two of them

what is the hormone that testes produce

testosterone

what is the function of testosterone

stimulates maturation of sperm and promotes male secondary sex characteristics

what are the two hormones the ovaries produce

estrogens, progesterone

what is the function of estrogens

stimulates female secondary sex characteristics and oocyte development

what i sthe function of progesterone

maintains uterine lining

what are the characteristics of the endocrine part of the heart

contains some cells within the right atrium

what is the hormone that the heart produces

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

what is the function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

stimulates water and sodium loss by kidneys

what is whole blood made up of

55% plasma, 45% formed elements,

what is plasma made of

water, plasma proteins, antibodies, clotting factors, hormones, nutrients, waste products

what is formed elements made of

blood cells and fragments of cells

- two parts: buffy coat (white blood cells, platelets (1%)

red blood cells (44%)

what do erythrocytes (red blood cells) do

transport oxygen around body

what are the characteristics of RBCs

biconcave disc, no nucleus, contains hemoglobin, 120 day life span

what does hemocrit do

approximate % of RBCs in whole blood

what do luekocytes do

defend the body against pathogens

what are the characteristics of WBCs

2x the size of RBCs, do not contain hemoglobin, contains a nucleus (can do cell repair and survive longer)

what are the 5 major types of leukocytes

neurophils, eosinophil, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

what is the function of neurophils

phagocytize pathogens, release enzymes that target pathogens

what is the function of eosinophils

phagocitize antigen-antibody complexes, release chemical mediators to destroy pasasitic worms

what is the function of basophils

release histamines (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant) during inflammatory or allergic reactions

what is the function of lymphocytes

attack pathogens and abnormal cells, produce antibodies

what are the functions of monocytes

become macrophages when leaving blood, phagocytizie pathogens, debris and dead cells

what are the functions of platelets (thrombocytes)

cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes in bone marrow, help with blood clotting

what are the characteristics of platelets

smallest, dervived from megakaryocytes in bone marrow

where is the heart loctated inside

inside mediastinum (the region of thoracic cavity between lungs)

what are the characteristics of the pericardium

fibrous sac and lining that anchors heart to thoracic cavity, connects to diaphragm

what is the order of the layers of the pericardium superfical to deep

fibrous > parietal > visceral

what are the characteristics of the fibrous pericardium

outer layer of CT

what are the characteristics of the parietal pericardium

contains serous fluid between the visceral/fibrous layer

what are the characteristics of the visceral pericardium

directly attached to heart

what are the three layers of the heart wall superfical to deep

epicardium > myocardium > endocardium

what are the characteristics of the endocardium

inside layer that touches the blood, composed of simple squamous epithelium

what are the characteristics of the myocardium

made up of cardiac muscle tissue, thickest layer

what are the characteristics of the epicardium

composed of simple squamous and areolar and adipose tissue (visceral layer)

what are the characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue

striated muscle, contains contractile cells (muscle fibers connected by intercalated discs), 99% of heart, innervated by autonomic nervous system, forms myocardium

where do veins carry blood

towards heart, mostly deoxygenated

where do arteries carry blood

away from heart, mostly oxygenated

what do valves help do

prevent backflow of blood

what is the fossa ovalis

indentation in right atrium

describe the flow of blood through the heart

Superior and inferior vena cava --> R atrium --> tricuspid valve --> R ventricle --> pulmonary valve --> pulmonary artery --> lungs --> pulmonary vein --> L atrium --> mitral valve --> L ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta

what are the chordae tendinae

"heart strings" that anchor the heart valves to the myocardium

what is the interventricular septum

made of myocardium, divides left from right

what do the papillary muscles do

prevents inversion of atrioventricular valves

what is the ventricular systole

when ventricles are contracting, right and left contratcs at same time, ejects blood, valves slam shut to prevent backflow

what is the ventricular diastole

when ventricles relax, blood moves from artia to ventricles

what is the steps of the conduction system

SA node > AV node > AV bundle > Interventricular septum > Left and right bundle branches > Purkinje fibers > distributed throughout ventricular myocardium

what are the three types of arteries

elastic, muscular, arterioles

what are the characteristics of the elastic arteries

largest, contain elastic protein fibers, stretch and recoil, closest to heart, branch into muscular arteries

what are the characteristics of muscular arteries

thick layer of smooth muscle, innervated with sympathetic NS, vasoconstriction and dilation, controls and maintains BP, branches into arterioles

what are the characteristics of arterioles

smallest, thinner smooth muscle layer, helps with blood flow and pressue, moves into capillaries

what are the characteristics of capillaries

operate in capillary beds, smallest blood vessel, one layer of simple squamous epithelial, allow for exchange of material (waste, nutrients), moves into veins

what are the three types of veins

venules, medium veins, large veins

what are the characteristics of venules

smallest, drains capillaries, companion vessel to arterioles, merge together to form medium veins

what are the characteristics of medium veins

most of named veins, contain valves, companion vessel to muscular artery

what are the characteristics of large veins

ex: superior and inferior vena cava, goes to heart, companion vessel to elastic arteries

what are the three layers of the blood vessel walls (tunic)

tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa

what are the characteristics of tunica interna

innermost layer, simple squamous epithelial, smooth surface for blood to flow against