17th parallel
the line that divided vietnam into the communist north and the anti-communist south
24th amendment
federal poll tax was banned
26th amendment
lowered the voting age to 18 years old
1968
a year in which large amounts of social turmoil occurred, led to the end of conformity and beginning of counterculture
affirmative action
give more opportunities to disadvantaged groups to combat discrimination and racism
alliance of progress
similar to marshall plan (but for south america)
US would provide funds to central american countries to have more allies against communism -plan didnât work very well
anti-ballistic missile treaty
agreement between US and USSR that countries may only use missiles for defense
black panthers
black separatist group that supported the use of violence if necessary
black power
encourages civilians to express their unique, african american culture
also ridicules all who fail to support/recognize it
berlin wall
nicknamed the âwall of shameâ
wall between western and eastern berlin, west controlled buy us uk and france, east by ussr
separated families
bay of pigs
failed military landing operation on the southeast coast of cuba in 1961
civil rights movement
fight for equality and social justice for african americans
Civil Rights Acts
1964 act: Government would desegregate schools
conservatism
Policy of Barry Goldwater (LBJâs rival during the 1964 election)
Against federal income tax, social security systems, and LBJâs Great Society
conformity
The idea that each American has a specific role they must fill
Ex.
Wives: Housekeepers
Husbands: Breadwinners
Children/Teens: Obedient to superiors
CORE
Congress of Racial Equality
Opposed Jim Crow Laws
crisis of confidence
People are questioning how trustworthy the government is when taking actions
cuban missile crisis
The USSR stationed several missiles in Cuba aimed at the US
US stationed missiles in Turkey aimed at the USSR
Both sides reached a peace compromise to ban nuclear testings
detente
French word meaning ârelaxationâ
Peace agreement between US and USSR (agreement to not fight) and China
domino theory
After one country becomes communist, all countries surrounding it will become communist until the whole world is communist (like dominos)
doves
Anti-war believers
Often protested against the Vietnam war
draft dodger
Somebody who would avoid drafting for the military
Usually included moving to another countryâŠ
draft policy
after men turn 18, they are required to register for the military draft
energy crisis
Saudi Arabia cuts Petroleum by 10% and threatened to totally cut off if the US continue aiding Israel but enabled it after the US threats and tries to settle with Israel
EPA
environmental protection agency
created by nixon
feminist movement
movement in late 60âs that was in favor of womenâs sexual and educational progress
flexible response
have more ways to respond to crises or threats thats not nuclear weapons
freedom riders
wanted to end segregation in facilities that served interstate bus passengers
great society
LBJâs domestic policy
Focused on helping the impoverished
Set of economic and welfare measures aimed at changing the way of life
gulf of tonkin
US naval ships were reportedly attacked by viet cong soilders
Resolution/Tonkin Gulf Resolution
Resolution that allowed the president to make any military decisions without approval of the Congress
Called an unsigned check
hawks
pro war believers
hippies/counter culture
Teenagers who refused to follow the US policy of conformity
Often would wear flower crowns, tie dye, etc. to express uniqueness
literacy tests
When registering a vote, (black) citizens would be forced to take a test to prove they could read
Targeted African-American citizens who were denied education for years
moratorium/protest movement
opposed to the war
my lai
A massacre in Vietnam
US soldiers attacked the village of My Lai, killing hundreds of innocent civilians
The incident led to an increase in anti-war protests
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Civil rights organization that fought for social justice and equality for African Americans
NASA
Created by Eisenhower to battle the USSRâs recent succession in space exploration
nation of islam
Civil Rights group dedicated to violent means of equality
Preached spread of Islam & anti-white messaging
aligned with separationist figures
New Frontier
JFKâs Domestic policy
Desired welfare, civil rights, educational growth & taming of big business(ex: steel corps)
nixon doctrine
Nixon's formal announcement of his vietnamization plan
OPEC
Organization of (Arab) Petroleum Exporting Countries
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
peace corps
Young Americans would teach the citizens of younger countries some skills for development
Pentagon Papers
Information about the Vietnam War given to the Times magazine by Daniel Ellsberg
Information found that the US government knew they would lose the Vietnam War, but sent troops anyway
Led to an increase of anti-war protesters
Philadelphia Plan
Construction/ Trade unions that make a plan to hire more African American workers
SALT
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
No more nuclear missiles may be created for 5 years
US and USSR still set up huge âdefensiveâ missiles
SALT II
Second renewed version of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
Aimed to limit both US and USSR nuclear forces and place restrictions on MIRVs
Was not ratified because of relations in the Middle east specifically the USSR invading Afghanistan
SCLS (SCLC)
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Led by MLK, was at the forefront of the early Struggle
Silent Majority
Nixonâs belief that there were more people in favor of the war, they just werenât speaking about it
SNCC
Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee
Started Voter Education Project
Used nonviolence until late 60âs with MLKâs death
Stagnation
When there is no deflation or inflation (minimal inflation (~2%) is an indicator of a healthy economy)
Trade Expansion Act
Cuts tariffs to increase international trade, specifically w/ Europe
Tet Offensive
An attack by the VietCong launched on Vietnamese New Year (Tet)
Targeted the major cities of South Vietnam
Three Ps
3 causes of unrest:
Youthâs population
bulge
Protest against racism + Vietnam War
âApparent permanence of prosperityâ
Vietnamization
Slowly withdraw US soldiers from Vietnam and have South Vietnam fight their own war
Voter Education Project
Created by the SNCC to remind black voters of their rights
Voting Rights Act 1965
Passed by LBJ
Outlawed discriminatory voting practices
e.g. poll tax, literacy tests, intimidation, violence
War on Poverty
Intended to help lower the poverty rate in the U.S.
Great Society
War Powers Act
Act passed by congress in order to combat the gulf of Tonkin resolution
Checked the president's power over the military
Required permission from congress to deploy troops anywhere and reports on military involvement
Watts Riot
First major riot showcasing black separatism (the âshowing offâ of black culture)
Watergate
A scandal in which president nixon was found guilty of stealing democratic papers and stealing information, and caught trying to cover it up. lead to his resignation and to the crisis in confidence.
Ngo Dinh Diem
The leader of Southern Vietnam during the Vietnam War
JFK later ordered an assassination of Diem
Gerald Ford
38th president idk
Lyndon B. Johnson
Took over after JFK
Heavy involvement in the Vietnam war
Believed in the domino theory and continuously pushing the vietnamese with more troops
Great society focused on welfare of US people
War on poverty
John F. Kennedy
35th president before assassination
Had many welfare programs and wanted to support the civil rights movement
Called new frontier
Had the international strategy of flexible response
Robert Kennedy
attorney general of JFKs cabinet
MLK
Major leader in the Civil Rights Movement
Henry Kissinger
nixons foreign policy advisor
thurgood marshall
The only black supreme court justice during Allan Bakkeâs case
The case: Bakke was denied admittance into medical school (supposedly) because he wasnât a minority
Claimed that employers and schools are favoring minorities since civil rights
Against Bakkeâs claim
Robert S. McNamara
United States Secretary of Defense 1961 - 1968
JFK
LBJ
Ho Chi Minh
The leader of North Vietnam during the Vietnam War
Elijah Mohammed
Founder of the Nation of Islam
Richard Nixon
37th President of the US
Watergate Scandal
Opening relations with China
Earl Warren
Supreme Court justice around 1970
The Warren Court focused on rights of minorities:
Abortion rights for women
Fair trial for criminals
Religion shouldnât be mandatory in schools for the non-religious/non-Christians
Malcolm X
Part of the Nation of Islam, fought for equality