Unit 5: Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction in the Late 18th Century (copy)

A major conflict that involved most of the great powers of Europe. It was fought between two alliances

A period of radical social and political upheaval in France that had a profound impact on Europe. It led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic, and ultimately resulted in the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.

A conference of European leaders that was convened after the defeat of Napoleon. Its aim was to restore stability and order to Europe after the upheavals of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.

The belief that reason is the primary source of knowledge and truth, rather than tradition or authority. They believed that through reason, humans could understand the world and make progress.

The belief that knowledge comes from experience and observation, rather than innate ideas or divine revelation. They believed that the scientific method was the best way to gain knowledge about the world.

The belief that religion should not play a dominant role in society or government. Many thinkers were critical of organized religion and advocated for a separation of church and state.

The belief in the importance of individual rights and freedoms. Enlightenment thinkers emphasized the value of individual autonomy and the need for governments to protect individual rights.

The belief in the inherent value and dignity of human beings. Enlightenment thinkers rejected the idea of humans as inherently sinful or flawed, and instead emphasized the potential for human progress and improvement.

It was a system of forced migration of millions of Africans from their homelands to the Americas, Europe, and other parts of the world. It was one of the largest and most brutal forced migrations in history, lasting from the 16th to the 19th century.

a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism from the 16th to the 18th century. It was characterized by the growth of international trade, the rise of capitalism, and the emergence of new financial institutions.

A period of inflation that occurred in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries. It was caused by the influx of gold and silver from the New World, which led to an increase in the money supply and a rise in prices.

Religious group in England that broke away from the Catholic Church in the 16th century due to disagreements over papal authority and doctrine. They believe in the supremacy of the Bible and justification by faith alone.

Religious minority in England who adhered to the Catholic faith, especially during the reign of Elizabeth I and the subsequent Penal Laws.

refers to the policy of acquiring and maintaining colonies and territories outside of Great Britain for economic and strategic purposes.

This was established in 1600 to trade with the East Indies and became the dominant power in India by the mid-18th century.

The British government prohibited the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains, which angered many colonists who wanted to expand westward.

In 1770, British soldiers fired on a crowd of colonists in Boston, killing five people. This event further inflamed tensions between the colonists and the British government.

In response to the Boston Tea Party, the British government passed a series of laws that restricted the colonists' rights and freedoms.

In 1773, a group of colonists dressed as Native Americans boarded British ships and dumped tea into Boston Harbor in protest of the Tea Act.

It was formed after the Third Estate broke away from the Estates-General and declared themselves the true representatives of the French people.

A pivotal event of the French Revolution where members of the Third Estate pledged to not disband until a new constitution was created.

• The Directory was a period of moderate government following the Reign of Terror.

  • The Directory was marked by political instability, economic crisis, and military conflict.

  • The Directory was overthrown in a coup d'état led by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799.

Caused by a combination of factors, including the brutal treatment of slaves, the influence of the French Revolution, and the leadership of Toussaint L'Ouverture, a former slave who became a military leader.

• French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution.

• He became the first consul of the French Republic in 1799 and later crowned himself Emperor of the French in 1804.

• He conquered much of Europe and implemented several reforms, including the Napoleonic Code, which laid the foundation for modern civil law.

Legal system established by Napoleon in 1804, based on equality before the law, property rights, and freedom of religion. It abolished feudalism and established a merit-based system of advancement. It served as a model for many other countries' legal systems.

Conflict between Napoleon Bonaparte and European powers after his return from exile. Ended with Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.

An intellectual movement in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism. It promoted scientific thought and challenged traditional authority, paving the way for modern democracy and human rights.

A political ideology that emphasizes individual freedom, equality, and the protection of civil liberties. Liberals believe in limited government, free markets, and the rule of law. They advocate for social and economic justice, and support policies that promote equal opportunity and a level playing field for all individuals.

• Socialism was a political ideology that emerged in the early 19th century as a response to the social and economic problems of industrialization.

• It emphasized the importance of collective ownership and control of the means of production and distribution.

• Socialist thinkers such as Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels argued that capitalism was inherently exploitative and that a socialist revolution was necessary to create a more just society.

Belief in a higher power that created the universe but does not intervene in daily life.

Religious revival in 18th century America. Led to increased church attendance, new denominations, and emphasis on personal salvation.

Artistic and literary movement emphasizing emotion, individualism, and nature. Reacted against Enlightenment's rationalism and industrialization. Flourished in Europe and America in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Notable figures include Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, and Shelley.

English poet, painter, and printmaker who lived from 1757 to 1827. He is known for his visionary poetry, which often combined religious and mystical themes with social and political commentary. Some of his most famous works include "Songs of Innocence and of Experience", "The Marriage of Heaven and Hell", and "Jerusalem". Blake was also a skilled artist and created many of his own illustrations for his poetry.

German Romantic painter known for his sublime landscapes and allegorical scenes. He often depicted solitary figures in contemplative poses, emphasizing the individual's relationship with nature and the divine.

Artist known for his Romantic style paintings, including "Liberty Leading the People" and "The Death of Sardanapalus". He was a leading figure of the French Romantic movement in the 19th century.

Known for his focus on nature and the beauty of the English countryside, his poetry often celebrated the simple pleasures of life.

his poetry often explored supernatural themes and the power of the imagination. He is best known for his poem "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner."

His poetry often explored political and social issues, as well as the power of the individual. He is best known for his poem "Ozymandias."

His poetry often explored themes of beauty, love, and mortality. He is best known for his odes, including "Ode to a Nightingale" and "Ode on a Grecian Urn."

Type of government where a single ruler, usually a king or queen, holds supreme power over a country or territory.

Social class consisting of individuals with inherited titles, wealth, and power. Historically, aristocrats were the ruling class in many societies, with privileges and authority over the common people.

The process of transforming an economy from agriculture-based to manufacturing-based, characterized by the use of new technologies, mass production, and urbanization.

A political ideology that emphasizes the importance of a shared national identity, culture, and history. It often leads to the belief that the nation-state is the best form of political organization and promotes the interests of one's own nation above all others.

• Consisted of the clergy of the Catholic Church

• Made up of less than 1% of the population

• Owned 10% of the land in France

• Exempt from paying taxes

• Had significant political power and influence

• Consisted of the nobility

• Made up of around 2% of the population

• Owned around 25% of the land in France

• Exempt from paying taxes

• Held important positions in the government, military, and judiciary

• Consisted of the common people

• Made up of around 97% of the population

• Included peasants, artisans, merchants, and bourgeoisie

• Paid heavy taxes and had little political power

• Demanded representation in the government and equal rights

It was the final battle of the American Revolution. It was fought in Virginia in 1781, where American and French forces defeated the British army.

A pivotal battle during the American Revolution, fought in 1777 in New York. The American victory convinced France to enter the war on the side of the Americans.